Man, Past and Present - Agustus Henry Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, Alfred Court Haddon (most popular novels txt) 📗

Louisiade and D'Entrecasteaux Archipelagoes (Eth. Ch. XI.).

[322] The Melanesians of British New Guinea, 1910, pp. 2, 27.

[323] The curly or wavy hair appears more commonly among women than among men.

[324] Kanaka is a Polynesian word meaning "man," and should therefore be restricted to the brown Indonesian group, but it is indiscriminately applied by French writers to all South Sea Islanders, whether black or brown. This misuse of the term has found its way into some English books of travel even in the corrupt French form "canaque."

[325] L'Archipel de la Nouvelle Caledonie, Paris, 1895.

[326] Lifu, Mare, Uvea, and Isle of Pines. These Polynesians appear to have all come originally from Tonga, first to Uvea Island (Wallis), and thence in the eighteenth century to Uvea in the Loyalties, cradle of all the New Caledonian Polynesian settlements. Cf. C. M. Woodford, "On some Little-known Polynesian Settlements in the Neighbourhood of the Solomon Islands," Geog. Journ. XLVIII. 1916.

[327] This low index is characteristic of most Papuasians, and reaches the extreme of dolichocephaly in the extinct Kai-Colos of Fiji (65 deg.), and amongst some coast Papuans of New Guinea measured by Miklukho-Maclay. But this observer found the characters so variable in New Guinea that he was unable to use it as a racial test. In the New Hebrides, Louisiades, and Bismarck group also he found many of the natives to be broad-headed, with indices as high as 80 and 85; and even in the Solomon Islands Guppy records cephalic indices ranging from 69 to 86, but dolichocephaly predominates (The Solomon Islands, 1887, pp. 112, 114). Thus this feature is no more constant amongst the Oceanic than it is amongst the African Negroes. (See also M.-Maclay's paper in Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1882, p. 171 sq.)

[328] Eth. Ch. VIII.

[329] Bernard, p. 262.

[330] A. C. Haddon, The Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, p. 33.

[331] A. C. Haddon, The Races of Man, 1909, p. 21.

[332] Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse einer amtlichen Forschungsreise nach dem Bismarck-Archipel im Jahre 1908; Untersuchungen ueber eine Melanesische Wanderstrasse, 1913; and Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Ergaenzungsheft, Nr 5, 1912, Nr 7, 1913. See also S. H. Ray, Nature, CLXXII. 1913, and Man, XIV. 34, 1914.

[333] Zeitschr. f. Ethnol. XXXVII. p. 26, 1905. His later writings should also be consulted, Anthropos, IV. 1909, pp. 726, 998; Ethnologie, 1914, p. 13.

[334] The History of Melanesian Society, 1914.

[335] A. C. Haddon, The Races of Man, 1909, pp. 24-8, and Handbook to the Ethnographical Collections British Museum, 1910, pp. 119-139.

[336] Besides the earlier works of H. H. Romilly, The Western Pacific and New Guinea, 1886, From My Verandah in New Guinea, 1889; J. Chalmers, Work and Adventure in New Guinea, 1885; O. Finsch, Samoafahrten: Reisen in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und Englisch Neu-Guinea, 1888; C. M. Woodford, A Naturalist Among the Head-hunters, 1890; J. P. Thompson, British New Guinea, 1892; and R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, 1891, the following more recent works may be consulted:--A. C. Haddon, Head-hunters, Black, White, and Brown, 1901, and Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, 1901- ; R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Suedsee, 1907; G. A. J. van der Sande, Nova Guinea, 1907; B. Thompson, The Fijians, 1908; G. Brown, Melanesians and Polynesians, 1910; F. Speiser, Suedsee Urwald Kannibalen, 1913.

[337] Eth. Ch. XII.

[338] But excluding Celebes, where no trace of Papuan elements has been discovered.

[339] For details see F. H. H. Guillemard, Australasia, Vol. II. and Reclus, Vol. XIV.

[340] S. J. Hickson, A Naturalist in North Celebes, 1889, p. 203.

[341] A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's Pygmies and Papuans, 1912, p. 304.

[342] "A la Recherche des Negritos," etc., in Tour du Monde, New Series, Livr. 35-8. The midden was 150 ft. round, and over 12 ft. high.

[343] E. H. Man, Journ. Anthr. Inst. Vol. XI. 1881, p. 271, and XII. 1883, p. 71.

[344] Ib. p. 272.

[345] Close to Barren is the extinct crater of Narcondam, i.e. Narak-andam (Narak = Hell), from which the Andaman group may have taken its name (Sir H. Yule, Marco Polo). Man notes, however, that the Andamanese were not aware of the existence of Barren Island until taken past in the settlement steamer (p. 368).

[346] Folk-Lore, 1909, p. 257. See also the criticisms of W. Schmidt, "Puluga, the Supreme Being of the Andamanese," Man, 2, 1910, and A. Lang, "Puluga," Man, 30, 1910; A. R. Brown, The Andaman Islands (in the Press).

[347] "The Andaman languages are one group; they have no affinities by which we might infer their connection with any other known group" (R. C. Temple, quoted by Man, Anthrop. Jour. 1882, p. 123).

[348] R. C. Temple, quoted by Man, Anthrop. Jour. 1882, p. 123.

[349] W. W. Skeat and C. D. Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.

[350] R. Martin, Die Inlandstaemme der Malayischen Halbinsel, 1905.

[351] N. Annandale and H. C. Robinson, "Fasciculi Malayensis," Anthropology, 1903.

[352] W. W. Skeat and C. D. Blagden, loc. cit.

[353] The Sakai have often been classed among Negritoes, but, although undoubtedly a mixed people, their affinities appear to be pre-Dravidian.

[354] Cf. A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's Pygmies and Papuans, 1912, p. 306.

[355] In Court and Kampong, 1897, p. 172.

[356] Senoi grammar and glossary in Jour. Straits Branch R. Asiat. Soc. 1892, No. 24.

[357] See L. Wray's paper "On the Cave Dwellers of Perak," in Jour. Anthrop. Inst. 1897, p. 36 sq. This observer thinks "the earliest cave dwellers were most likely the Negritoes" (p. 47), and the great age of the deposits is shown by the fact that "in some of the caves at least 12 feet of a mixture of shells, bones, and earth has been accumulated and subsequently removed again in the floors of the caves. In places two or three layers of solid stalagmite have been formed and removed, some of these layers having been five feet in thickness" (p. 45).

[358] See on this point Prof. Blumentritt's paper on the Manguians of Mindoro in Globus, LX. No. 14.

[359] One Aeta woman of Zambales had a nasal index of 140.7. W. Allen Reed, "Negritoes of Zambales," Department of the Interior: Ethnological Survey Publications, II. 1904, p. 35. For details of physical features see the following:--D. Folkmar, Album of Philippine Types, 1904; Dean C. Worcester, "The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon," The Philippine Journal of Science, I. 1906; and A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's Pygmies and Papuans, 1912.

[360] The Philippine Islands, etc., London and Hongkong, 1890.

[361] Op. cit. p. 210.

[362] Voyage aux Philippines, etc., Paris, 1886.

[363] A. F. R. Wollaston, Pygmies and Papuans, 1912; C. G. Rawling, The Land of the New Guinea Pygmies, 1913.

[364] The Mafulu Mountain People of British New Guinea, 1912.

[365] Nova Guinea, VII. 1913, 1915.

[366] A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's Pygmies and Papuans, 1912, pp. 314-9.

[367] It is not certain however that this method is known to the Semang, and it occurs among peoples who are not Negrito, such as the Kayan of Sarawak, and in other places where a Negrito element has not yet been recorded.

[368] The term pygmy is usually applied to a people whose stature does not exceed 1.5 m. (4 ft. 11 in.).

[369] W. J. Sollas, Ancient Hunters, 1915, and W. Turner, "The Aborigines of Australia," Trans. R. Soc. Edin. 1908, XLVI. 2, and 1910, XLVII. 3.

[370] Paper in Brough Smyth's work, II. p. 413.

[371] H. Ling Roth, The Aborigines of Australia (2nd ed.), 1899, Appendix LXXXVIII., and "Tasmanian Firesticks," Nature, LIX. 1899, p. 606.

[372] W. J. Sollas, Ancient Hunters, 1915, pp. 90, 106 ff.

[373] Nature, XCII. 1913, p. 320.

[374] W. J. Sollas, Ancient Hunters, 1915, pp. 104-5.

CHAPTER VI(THE SOUTHERN MONGOLS)

 

South Mongol Domain--Tibet, the Mongol Cradle-land--Stone Age in Tibet--The Primitive Mongol Type--The Balti and Ladakhi--Balti Type and Origins--The Tibetans Proper--Type--The Bhotiyas--Prehistoric Expansion of the Tibetan Race--Sub-Himalayan Groups: the Gurkhas--Mental Qualities of the Tibetans--Lamaism--The Horsoks-- The Tanguts--Polyandry--The Bonbo Religion--Buddhist and Christian Ritualism--The Prayer-Wheel--Language and Letters--Diverse Linguistic Types--Lepcha--Angami-Naga and Kuki-Lushai Speech--Naga Tribes--General Ethnic Relations in Indo-China--Aboriginal and Cultured Peoples--The Talaings--The Manipuri--Religion--The Game of Polo--The Khel System--The Chins--Mental and Physical Qualities--Gods, Nats, and the After-Life--The Kakhyens--Caucasic Elements--The Karens--Type--Temperament--Christian Missions--The Burmese--Type--Character--Buddhism--Position of Woman--Tattooing-- The Tai-Shan Peoples--The Ahom, Khamti and Chinese Shans--Shan Cradle-land and Origins--Caucasic Contacts--Tai-Shan Toned Speech--Shan, Lolo, and Mosso Writing Systems--Mosso Origins-- Aborigines of South China and Annam--Man-tse Origins and Affinities--Caucasic Aborigines in South-East Asia--The Siamese Shans--Origins and Early Records--Social System--Buddhism--The Annamese--Origins--Physical and Mental Characters--Language and Letters--Social Institutions--Religious Systems--The Chinese-- Origins--The Babylonian Theory--Persistence of Chinese Culture and Social System--Letters and Early Records--Traditions of the Stone and Metal Ages--Chinese Cradle and Early Migrations-- Absorption of the Aborigines--Survivals: Hok-lo, Hakka, Pun-ti--Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism--Fung-shui and Ancestry Worship--Islam and Christianity--The Mandarin Class.

CONSPECTUS.

#Present Range.# Tibet; S. Himalayan slopes; Indo-China to the Isthmus of Kra; China; Formosa; Parts of Malaysia.

#Hair#, uniformly black, lank, round in transverse section; sparse or no beard, moustache common. #Colour#, generally a dirty yellowish brown, shading off to olive and coppery brown in the south, and to lemon or whitish in N. China. #Skull#, normally brachy (80 to 84), but in parts of China sub-dolicho (77) and high. #Jaws#, slightly prognathous. #Cheek-bones#, very high and prominent laterally. #Nose#, very small, and concave, with widish nostrils (mesorrhine), but often large and straight amongst the upper classes. #Eyes#, small, black, and oblique (outer angle slightly elevated), vertical fold of skin over inner canthus. #Stature#, below the average, 1.62 m. (5 ft. 4 in.), but in N. China often tall, 1.77 m. to 1.82 m. (5 ft. 10 in. to 6 ft.). #Lips#, rather thin, sometimes slightly protruding. #Arms#, #legs#, and #feet#, of normal proportions, calves rather small.

#Temperament.# Somewhat sluggish, with little initiative, but great endurance; cunning rather than intelligent; generally thrifty and industrious, but mostly indolent in Siam and Burma; moral standard low, with slight sense of right and wrong.

#Speech.# Mainly isolating and monosyllabic, due to phonetic decay; loss of formative elements compensated by tone; some (south Chinese, Annamese) highly tonic, but others (in Himalayas and North Burma) highly agglutinating and consequently toneless.

#Religion.# Ancestry and spirit-worship, underlying various kinds of Buddhism; religious sentiment weak in Annam, strong in Tibet; thinly diffused in China.

#Culture.# Ranges from sheer savagery (Indo-Chinese aborigines) to a low phase of civilisation; some mechanical arts (ceramics, metallurgy, weaving), and agriculture well developed; painting, sculpture, and architecture mostly in the barbaric stage; letters widespread, but true literature and science slightly developed; stagnation very general.

Main Divisions.

#Bod-pa.# Tibetan; Tangut; Horsok; Si-fan; Balti; Ladakhi; Gurkha; Bhotiya; Miri; Mishmi; Abor.

#Burmese.# Naga; Kuki-Lushai; Chin; Kakhyen; Manipuri; Karen; Talaing; Arakanese; Burmese proper.

#Tai-Shan.# Ahom; Khamti; Ngiou; Lao; Siamese.

#Giao-Shi.# Annamese; Cochin-Chinese.

#Chinese.# Chinese proper; Hakka; Hok-lo; Pun-ti.

* * * * *

The Mongolian stock may be divided into two main branches[375]: the Mongolo-Tatar, of the western area, and the Tibeto-Indo-Chinese of the eastern area, the latter extending into a secondary branch, Oceanic Mongols. These two, that is, the main and secondary branch, which jointly occupy the greater part of south-east Asia with most of Malaysia, Madagascar, the Philippines and Formosa, will form the subject of the present and following chapters. Allowing for encroachments and overlappings, especially in Manchuria and North Tibet, the northern "divide" towards the Mongolo-Tatar domain is roughly indicated by the Great Wall and the Kuen-lun range westwards to the Hindu-Kush, and towards the south-west by the Himalayas