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and anthropologically are in their infancy. E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, I. 2, 1909, Sec. 330 A.

[1161] C. H. W. Johns, Ancient Assyria, 1912, p. 8.

[1162] Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statements, 1902 onwards. See also L. B. Paton, Art. "Canaanites," in Hastings' Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

[1163] Tell Ta'anek, 1904, Denkschriften, Vienna Academy, and "The German Excavations at Jericho," Pal. Expl. Fund Quart. St. 1910.

[1164] Tell el-Mutesellim, 1908.

[1165] Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statements, 1902, p. 347 ff.

[1166] L. W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, 1910, p. 55; C. H. W. Johns, Ancient Babylonia, 1913, pp. 61-2; L. B. Paton, Art. "Canaanites," Hastings' Ency. of Religion and Ethics, 1910; E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, I. 2, 1909, Sec.Sec. 396, 436; O. Procksch, "Die Voelker Altpalaestinas," Das Land der Bibel, I. 2, 1914, p. 25 ff.; G. Maspero, The Struggle of the Nations, Egypt, Syria, and Assyria, 1910.

[1167] [Greek: Phoinikes], probably meaning red, either on account of their sun-burnt skin, or from the dye for which they were famous. For the Phoenician physical type cf. W. Z. Ripley, Races of Europe, 1900, pp. 287, 444.

[1168] In the Old Testament "Canaanite" and "Amorite" are usually synonymous.

[1169] A. C. Haddon, Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, p. 22. For a general account of Phoenician history see J. P. Mahaffy, in Hutchinson's History of the Nations, 1914, p. 303 ff.

[1170] Cf. Morris Jastrow, Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions (Haskell Lectures), 1913.

[1171] See S. A. Cook, Art. "Jews," Ency. Brit. 1911; O. Procksch, "Die Voelker Altpalaestinas," Das Land der Bibel, I. 2, 1914, p. 28 ff.

[1172] From Old French Juis, Lat. Judaei, i.e. Sons of Jehudah (Judah). See my article, "Jews," in Cassell's Storehouse of General Information, 1893, from which I take many of the following particulars.

[1173] W. M. Flinders Petrie attributes the variation to environment, not miscegenation. "History and common observation lead us to the equally legitimate conclusion that the country and not the race determines the cranium." "Migrations," Journ. Anthr. Inst. XXXVI. 1906, p. 218. He is here criticising the excellent discussion of the whole question in W. Z. Ripley's The Races of Europe, 1900, Chap. XIV. "The Jews and Semites," pp. 368-400, with bibliography. Cf. also R. N. Salaman, "Heredity and the Jews," Journ. of Genetics, I. p. 274.

[1174] F. von Luschan, "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLI. 1911, p. 226.

[1175] M. Fishberg, The Jews, 1911, p. 10.

[1176] As Heth, settled in Hebron (Gen. xxiii. 3) and the central uplands (Num. xiii. 29) but also as a confederacy of tribes to the north (1 Kings x. 29, 2 Kings vii. 6).

[1177] This identification is based on "the casts of Hittite profiles made by Petrie from the Egyptian monuments. The profiles are peculiar, unlike those of any other people represented by the Egyptian artists, but they are identical with the profiles which occur among the Hittite hieroglyphs" (A. H. Sayce, Acad., Sept. 1894, p. 259).

[1178] "Corpus insc. Hetticarum," Zeitschr. d. d. morgenlaend. Gesellsch. 1900, 1902, 1906, etc.

[1179] "Die Hettiter," Der Alte Orient, I. 4, 1902, p. 14 n. The sign in question, a bisected oval, is interpreted "god."

[1180] "Decipherment of the Hittite Inscriptions," Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology, 1903, and "Hittite Inscriptions," ib. 1905, 1907.

[1181] Orient. Literaturzeitung, 1907, and Orient-Gesellsch. 1907. See D. G. Hogarth, "Recent Hittite Research," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst.XXXVI. 1909, p. 408.

[1182] L. W. King, "The Hittites," Hutchinson's History of the Nations, 1914, p. 263. For this type see the illustration of Hittite divinities, Pl. XXXI. of F. von Luschan's paper referred to below. For language see now C. J. S. Marstrander, "Caractere Indo-Europeen de la langue Hittite," Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter II Hist. filos. Klasse, 1918, No. 2.

[1183] "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLI. 1911, p. 230. For this region see D. G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, 1902, with ethnological map.

[1184] Loc. cit. p. 232.

[1185] F. von Luschan, loc. cit. p. 233.

[1186] Loc. cit. pp. 242-3.

[1187] Saba', Sheba of the Old Testament, where there are various allusions to its wealth and trading importance from the time of Solomon to that of Cyrus.

[1188] Ma'[=i]n of the inscriptions.

[1189] Arabic badaw[=i]y, a dweller in the desert.

[1190] Loc. cit. p. 235.

[1191] C. G. Seligman, "The physical characters of the Arabs," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLVII. 1917, p. 214 ff.

[1192] The rude Semitic dialect still current in this island appears to be fundamentally Phoenician (Carthaginian), later affected by Arabic and Italian influences. (M. Mizzi, A Voice from Malta, 1896, passim.)

[1193] M. Jastrow, Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions, 1910.

CHAPTER XV(THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES (continued))

 

THE PEOPLES OF ARYAN SPEECH--European Trade Routes--"Aryan" Migrations--Indo-European Cradle--Indo-European Type--Date of Indo-European Expansion--Origin of Nordic Peoples--The Cimbri and Teutoni--The Bastarnae--The Moeso-Goths--Scandinavia-- Modification of the Nordic Type--THE CELTO-SLAVS: Their Ethnical Position defined--Aberrant Tyrolese Type--Rhaetians and Etruscans--Etruscan Origins--The Celts--Definitions--Celts in Britain--The Picts--Brachycephals in Britain--Round Barrow Type--Alpine Type--Ethnic Relations--Formation of the English Nation--Ethnic Relations in Ireland--Scotland--and in Wales--Present Constitution of the British Peoples--The English Language--The French Nation--Constituent Elements--Mental Traits--The Spaniards and Portuguese--Ethnic Relations in Italy--Ligurian, Illyrian, and Aryan Elements--The Present Italians--Art and Ethics--The Rumanians--Ethnic Relations in Greece--The Hellenes--Origins and Migrations--The Lithuanian Factor--Aeolians; Dorians; Ionians--The Hellenic Legend--The Greek Language--THE SLAVS-- Origins and Migrations--Sarmatians and Budini--Wends, Chekhs, and Poles--The Southern Slavs--Migrations--Serbs, Croats, Bosnians--The Albanians--The Russians-- Panslavism--Russian Origins--Alans and Ossets--Aborigines of the Caucasus--THE IRANIANS--Ethnic and Linguistic Relations-- Persians, Tajiks and Galcha--Afghans--Lowland and Hill Tajiks--The Galchic Linguistic Family--Galcha and Tajik Types-- Homo Europaeus and H. Alpinus in Central Asia--THE HINDUS-- Ethnic Relations in India--Classification of Types--The Kols-- The Dravidians--Dravidian and Aryan Languages--The Hindu Castes--OCEANIA--Indonesians--Micronesians--Eastern Polynesians--Origins, Types, and Divisions--Migrations-- Polynesian Culture.

As the result of recent researches there is an end of the theory that bronze came in with the "Aryans," and it is from this standpoint that the revelation of an independent Aegean culture in touch with Babylonia and Egypt some four millenniums before the new era is of such momentous import in determining the ethnical relations of the historical, i.e.the present European populations.

Some idea of cultured relations in prehistoric times may be obtained from a review of the trade communications as indicated by archaeology during the Bronze Age which lasted through the whole of the third millennium down to the middle of the second. As we have seen, in the Nile valley, in Mesopotamia and in the Aegean area, remains characteristic of Bronze Age culture rest on a neolithic substratum, and a transitional stage, when gold and copper were the only metals known, often connects the two. From the time of this dawning of the Age of Metals, the inhabitants of the Nile Valley, of Crete, of Cyprus and of the mainland of Greece freely exchanged their products. Navigation was already flourishing, and the sea united rather than divided the insular and coastal populations. Gradually Egeo-Mykenaean civilisation extended from Crete and the Greek lands to the west, influencing Sicily directly, and leaving distinct traces in Southern Italy, Sardinia and the Iberian peninsula, while Iberia in its turn contributed to the development of Western Gaul and the British Isles. The knowledge of copper, and, soon after, that of bronze, spread by the Atlantic route to Ireland, while Central Europe was reached directly from the south. Thanks to the trade in amber, always in demand by the Mediterranean populations, there was a continuous trade route to Scandinavia, which thus had direct communication with Southern Europe. As civilisation developed, the lands of the north and west became exporters as well as importers, each developing a distinct industry not always inferior to the more precocious culture of the south[1194].

With trade communications thus stretching across Europe from south to north, and from east to extreme west, it would seem not improbable that movements of peoples were equally unrestricted, and this would account for the appearance on the threshold of history of various peoples formerly grouped together on account of their language, as "Aryan." J. L. Myres, however, is inclined to attribute "the coming of the North" to the same type of climatic impulse which induced the Semitic swarms described above (p. 489). After referring to the earliest occurrence of Indo-European names[1195], he continues "Before the time of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt there had been a very extensive raid of Indo-European-speaking folk by way of the Persian plateau, as far as the Syrian coastland and the interior of Asia Minor." These raids coincide with a new cultural feature of great significance. "It is of the first importance to find that it is in the dark period which immediately precedes the Eighteenth Dynasty revival--when Egypt was prostrate under mysterious 'Shepherd Kings,' and Babylon under Kassite invaders equally mysterious--that the civilized world first became acquainted with one of the greatest blessings of civilisation, the domesticated horse. The period of Arabian drought, which drove forth the 'Canaanite' emigrants, may have had its counterpart on the northern steppe, to provoke the migration of these horsemen." He adds, however, "our knowledge both of the extent of these droughts and of the chronology of both these migrations, is too vague for this to be taken as more than a provisional basis for more exact enquiry[1196]."

The attempt has often been made to locate the original home of the Indo-European people by an appeal to philology, and idyllic pictures have been drawn up of the "Aryan family" consisting of the father the protector, the mother the producer, and the children "whose name implied that they kept everything clean and neat[1197]." They were regarded as originally pastoral and later agricultural, ranging over a wide area with Bactria for its centre. With advancing knowledge of what is primitive in Indo-European this circumstantial picture crumbled to pieces, and Feist[1198] reduces all inferences deducible from linguistic palaeontology to the sole "argumentum ex silencio" (which he regards as distinctly untrustworthy in itself), that the "Urheimat" was a country in which in the middle of the third millennium B.C. such southern animals as lion, elephant, and tiger, were unknown. It was commonly assumed that the "Aryan cradle" was in Asia, and the suggestion of R. G. Latham in 1851 that the original home was in Europe was scouted by one of the most eminent writers on the subject--Victor Hehn--as lunacy possible only to one who lived in a country of cranks[1197]. But since this date, there has been a shifting of the "Urheimat" further and further west. O. Schrader[1199] places it in South Russia, G. Kossinna[1200] and H. Hirt[1201] support the claims of Germany, while K. Penka and many others go still further north, deriving both language and tall fair dolichocephalic speakers (proto-Teutons) from Scandinavia[1202].

Kauffmann[1203], noting the contrast between the cultures associated with pre-neolithic and with neolithic kitchen-middens, is prepared to attribute the former to aboriginal inhabitants, Ligurians, and, further north, Kvaens (Finns, Lapps), and the neolithic civilisation of Europe to Indo-Europeans. "Thus the neolithic Indo-Europeans would already have advanced as far as South Sweden in the Litorina period of the Baltic, during the oak-period."

On the other hand the discovery of Tocharish has inclined E. Meyer[1204] to reconsider an Asiatic origin, but the information as to this language is too fragmentary to be conclusive on this point. After reviewing the various theories Giles[1205] concludes "in the great plain which extends across Europe north of the Alps and Carpathians and across Asia north of the Hindu Kush there are few geographical obstacles to prevent the rapid spread of peoples from any