Essays On Education And Kindred Subjects (Fiscle Part- 11) - Herbert Spencer (if you give a mouse a cookie read aloud txt) 📗
- Author: Herbert Spencer
Book online «Essays On Education And Kindred Subjects (Fiscle Part- 11) - Herbert Spencer (if you give a mouse a cookie read aloud txt) 📗». Author Herbert Spencer
The Cultivation Of Them Should Form A Part Of Education From Its
Commencement, Such Cultivation Should Be Subsidiary; We Have Now To
Inquire What Knowledge Is Of Most Use To This End--What Knowledge Best
Fits For This Remaining Sphere Of Activity? To This Question The Answer
Is Still The Same As Heretofore. Unexpected Though The Assertion May Be,
It Is Nevertheless True, That The Highest Art Of Every Kind Is Based On
Science--That Without Science There Can Be Neither Perfect Production
Nor Full Appreciation. Science, In That Limited Acceptation Current In
Society, May Not Have Been Possessed By Various Artists Of High Repute;
But Acute Observers As Such Artists Have Been, They Have Always
Possessed A Stock Of Those Empirical Generalisations Which Constitute
Science In Its Lowest Phase; And They Have Habitually Fallen Far Below
Perfection, Partly Because Their Generalisations Were Comparatively Few
And Inaccurate. That Science Necessarily Underlies The Fine Arts,
Becomes Manifest, _À Priori_, When We Remember That Art-Products Are All
More Or Less Representative Of Objective Or Subjective Phenomena; That
They Can Be Good Only In Proportion As They Conform To The Laws Of These
Phenomena; And That Before They Can Thus Conform, The Artist Must Know
What These Laws Are. That This _À Priori_ Conclusion Tallies With
Experience, We Shall Soon See.
Youths Preparing For The Practice Of Sculpture Have To Acquaint
Themselves With The Bones And Muscles Of The Human Frame In Their
Distribution, Attachments, And Movements. This Is A Portion Of Science;
And It Has Been Found Needful To Impart It For The Prevention Of Those
Many Errors Which Sculptors Who Do Not Possess It Commit. A Knowledge Of
Mechanical Principles Is Also Requisite; And Such Knowledge Not Being
Usually Possessed, Grave Mechanical Mistakes Are Frequently Made. Take
An Instance. For The Stability Of A Figure It Is Needful That The
Perpendicular From The Centre Of Gravity--"The Line Of Direction," As It
Is Called--Should Fall Within The Base Of Support; And Hence It Happens,
That When A Man Assumes The Attitude Known As "Standing At Ease," In
Which One Leg Is Straightened And The Other Relaxed, The Line Of
Direction Falls Within The Foot Of The Straightened Leg. But Sculptors
Unfamiliar With The Theory Of Equilibrium, Not Uncommonly So Represent
This Attitude, That The Line Of Direction Falls Midway Between The Feet.
Ignorance Of The Law Of Momentum Leads To Analogous Blunders: As Witness
The Admired Discobolus, Which, As It Is Posed, Must Inevitably Fall
Forward The Moment The Quoit Is Delivered.
In Painting, The Necessity For Scientific Information, Empirical If Not
Rational, Is Still More Conspicuous. What Gives The Grotesqueness Of
Chinese Pictures, Unless Their Utter Disregard Of The Laws Of
Appearances--Their Absurd Linear Perspective, And Their Want Of Aerial
Perspective? In What Are The Drawings Of A Child So Faulty, If Not In A
Similar Absence Of Truth--An Absence Arising, In Great Part, From
Ignorance Of The Way In Which The Aspects Of Things Vary With The
Conditions? Do But Remember The Books And Lectures By Which Students Are
Instructed; Or Consider The Criticisms Of Ruskin; Or Look At The Doings
Of The Pre-Raffaelites; And You Will See That Progress In Painting
Implies Increasing Knowledge Of How Effects In Nature Are Produced. The
Most Diligent Observation, If Unaided By Science, Fails To Preserve From
Error. Every Painter Will Endorse The Assertion That Unless It Is Known
What Appearances Must Exist Under Given Circumstances, They Often Will
Not Be Perceived; And To Know What Appearances Must Exist, Is, In So
Far, To Understand The Science Of Appearances. From Want Of Science Mr.
J. Lewis, Careful Painter As He Is, Casts The Shadow Of A Lattice-Window
In Sharply-Defined Lines Upon An Opposite Wall; Which He Would Not Have
Done, Had He Been Familiar With The Phenomena Of Penumbræ. From Want Of
Science, Mr. Rosetti, Catching Sight Of A Peculiar Iridescence Displayed
By Certain Hairy Surfaces Under Particular Lights (An Iridescence Caused
By The Diffraction Of Light In Passing The Hairs), Commits The Error Of
Showing This Iridescence On Surfaces And In Positions Where It Could Not
Occur.
To Say That Music, Too, Has Need Of Scientific Aid Will Cause Still More
Surprise. Yet It May Be Shown That Music Is But An Idealisation Of The
Natural Language Of Emotion; And That Consequently, Music Must Be Good
Or Bad According As It Conforms To The Laws Of This Natural Language.
The Various Inflections Of Voice Which Accompany Feelings Of Different
Kinds And Intensities, Are The Germs Out Of Which Music Is Developed. It
Is Demonstrable That These Inflections And Cadences Are Not Accidental
Or Arbitrary; But That They Are Determined By Certain General Principles
Of Vital Action; And That Their Expressiveness Depends On This. Whence
Part 1 Chapter 1 (What Knowledge Is Of Most Worth?) Pg 18It Follows That Musical Phrases And The Melodies Built Of Them, Can Be
Effective Only When They Are In Harmony With These General Principles.
It Is Difficult Here Properly To Illustrate This Position. But Perhaps
It Will Suffice To Instance The Swarms Of Worthless Ballads That Infest
Drawing-Rooms, As Compositions Which Science Would Forbid. They Sin
Against Science By Setting To Music Ideas That Are Not Emotional Enough
To Prompt Musical Expression; And They Also Sin Against Science By Using
Musical Phrases That Have No Natural Relations To The Ideas Expressed:
Even Where These Are Emotional. They Are Bad Because They Are Untrue.
And To Say They Are Untrue, Is To Say They Are Unscientific.
Even In Poetry The Same Thing Holds. Like Music, Poetry Has Its Root In
Those Natural Modes Of Expression Which Accompany Deep Feeling. Its
Rhythm, Its Strong And Numerous Metaphors, Its Hyperboles, Its Violent
Inversions, Are Simply Exaggerations Of The Traits Of Excited Speech. To
Be Good, Therefore, Poetry Must Pay Attention To Those Laws Of Nervous
Action Which Excited Speech Obeys. In Intensifying And Combining The
Traits Of Excited Speech, It Must Have Due Regard To Proportion--Must
Not Use Its Appliances Without Restriction; But, Where The Ideas Are
Least Emotional, Must Use The Forms Of Poetical Expression Sparingly;
Must Use Them More Freely As The Emotion Rises; And Must Carry Them To
Their Greatest Extent, Only Where The Emotion Reaches A Climax. The
Entire Contravention Of These Principles Results In Bombast Or Doggerel.
The Insufficient Respect For Them Is Seen In Didactic Poetry. And It Is
Because They Are Rarely Fully Obeyed, That So Much Poetry Is Inartistic.
Not Only Is It That The Artist, Of Whatever Kind, Cannot Produce A
Truthful Work Without He Understands The Laws Of The Phenomena He
Represents; But It Is That He Must Also Understand How The Minds Of
Spectators Or Listeners Will Be Affected By The Several Peculiarities Of
His Work--A Question In Psychology. What Impression Any Art-Product
Generates, Manifestly Depends Upon The Mental Natures Of Those To Whom
It Is Presented; And As All Mental Natures Have Certain Characteristics
In Common, There Must Result Certain Corresponding General Principles On
Which Alone Art-Products Can Be Successfully Framed. These General
Principles Cannot Be Fully Understood And Applied, Unless The Artist
Sees How They Follow From The Laws Of Mind. To Ask Whether The
Composition Of A Picture Is Good Is Really To Ask How The Perceptions
And Feelings Of Observers Will Be Affected By It. To Ask Whether A Drama
Is Well Constructed, Is To Ask Whether Its Situations Are So Arranged As
Duly To Consult The Power Of Attention Of An Audience, And Duly To Avoid
Overtaxing Any One Class Of Feelings. Equally In Arranging The Leading
Divisions Of A Poem Or Fiction, And In Combining The Words Of A Single
Sentence, The Goodness Of The Effect Depends Upon The Skill With Which
The Mental Energies And Susceptibilities Of The Reader Are Economised.
Every Artist, In The Course Of His Education And After-Life, Accumulates
A Stock Of Maxims By Which His Practice Is Regulated. Trace Such Maxims
To Their Roots, And They Inevitably Lead You Down To Psychological
Principles. And Only When The Artist Understands These Psychological
Principles And Their Various Corollaries Can He Work In Harmony With
Them.
We Do Not For A Moment Believe That Science Will Make An Artist. While
We Contend That The Leading Laws Both Of Objective And Subjective
Phenomena Must Be Understood By Him, We By No Means Contend That
Knowledge Of Such Laws Will Serve In Place Of Natural Perception. Not
The Poet Only, But The Artist Of Every Type, Is Born, Not Made. What We
Assert Is, That Innate Faculty Cannot Dispense With The Aid Of Organised
Knowledge. Intuition Will Do Much, But It Will Not Do All. Only When
Genius Is Married To Science Can The Highest Results Be Produced.
As We Have Above Asserted, Science Is Necessary Not Only For The Most
Successful Production, But Also For The Full Appreciation, Of The Fine
Arts. In What Consists The Greater Ability Of A Man Than Of A Child To
Perceive The Beauties Of A Picture; Unless It Is In His More Extended
Knowledge Of Those Truths In Nature Or Life Which The Picture Renders?
How Happens The Cultivated Gentleman To Enjoy A Fine Poem So Much More
Than A Boor Does; If It Is Not Because His Wider Acquaintance With
Objects And Actions Enables Him To See In The Poem Much That The Boor
Cannot See? And If, As Is Here So Obvious, There Must Be Some
Familiarity With The Things Represented, Before The Representation Can
Be Appreciated, Then, The Representation Can Be Completely Appreciated
Only When The Things Represented Are Completely Understood. The Fact Is,
That Every Additional Truth Which A Word Of Art Expresses, Gives An
Additional Pleasure To The Percipient Mind--A Pleasure That Is Missed By
Those Ignorant Of This Truth. The More Realities An Artist Indicates In
Any Given Amount Of Work, The More Faculties Does He Appeal To; The More
Numerous Ideas Does He Suggest; The More Gratification Does He Afford.
But To Receive This Gratification The Spectator, Listener, Or Reader,
Must Know The Realities Which The Artist Has Indicated; And To Know
These Realities Is To Have That Much Science.
And Now Let Us Not Overlook The Further Great Fact, That Not Only Does
Science Underlie Sculpture, Painting, Music, Poetry, But That Science Is
Itself Poetic. The Current Opinion That Science And Poetry Are Opposed,
Is A Delusion. It Is Doubtless True That As States Of Consciousness,
Cognition And Emotion Tend To Exclude Each Other. And It Is Doubtless
Also True That An Extreme Activity Of The Reflective Powers Tends To
Deaden The Feelings; While An Extreme Activity Of The Feelings Tends To
Deaden The Reflective Powers: In Which Sense, Indeed, All Orders Of
Activity Are Antagonistic To Each Other. But It Is Not True That The
Facts Of Science Are Unpoetical; Or That The Cultivation Of Science Is
Necessarily Unfriendly To The Exercise Of Imagination And The Love Of
The Beautiful. On The Contrary, Science Opens Up Realms Of Poetry Where
To The Unscientific All Is A Blank. Those Engaged In Scientific
Researches Constantly Show Us That They Realise Not Less Vividly, But
More Vividly, Than Others, The Poetry Of Their Subjects. Whoso Will Dip
Into Hugh Miller's Works Of Geology, Or Read Mr. Lewes's _Sea-Side
Studies_, Will Perceive That Science Excites Poetry Rather Than
Extinguishes It. And He Who Contemplates The Life Of Goethe, Must See
That The Poet And The Man Of Science Can Co-Exist In Equal Activity. Is
It Not, Indeed, An Absurd And Almost A Sacrilegious Belief, That The
More A Man Studies Nature The Less He Reveres It? Think You That A Drop
Of Water, Which To The Vulgar Eye Is But A Drop Of Water, Loses Anything
In The Eye Of The Physicist Who Knows That Its Elements Are Held
Together By A Force Which, If Suddenly Liberated, Would Produce A Flash
Of Lightning? Think You That What Is Carelessly Looked Upon By The
Uninitiated As A Mere Snow-Flake, Does Not Suggest Higher Associations
To One Who Had Seen Through A Microscope The Wondrously-Varied And
Elegant Forms Of Snow-Crystals? Think You That The Rounded Rock Marked
With Parallel Scratches, Calls Up As Much Poetry In An Ignorant Mind As
In The Mind Of A Geologist, Who Knows That
Comments (0)