The Game of Logic - Lewis Carroll (red queen free ebook TXT) π
- Author: Lewis Carroll
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30. When the offered Conclusion is PART of the correct Conclusion. In this case, we may call it a βDefective Conclusionβ.
2. Half of Smaller Diagram.
Propositions represented.
__________
ββ- ββ-
| | | | | |
1. | | 1 | 2. | 0 | 1 |
| | | | | |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| | | | | |
3. | 1 | 1 | 4. | 0 | 0 |
| | | | | |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| | | | | |
5. | 1 | 6. | | 0 |
| | | | | |
ββ- ββ-
ββ-
| | |
7. | 1 | 1 | It might be thought that the proper
| | |
ββ- ββ-
| | | Diagram would be | 1 1 |, in order to express βsome
| | |
ββ-
x existβ: but this is really contained in βsome x are yβ.β To put a red counter on the division-line would only tell us βONE OF THE compartments is occupiedβ, which we know already, in knowing that ONE is occupied.
ββ-
| | |
8. No x are y. i.e. | 0 | |
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | |
9. Some x are yβ. i.e. | | 1 |
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 10. All x are y. i.e. | 1 | 0 |
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 11. Some x are y. i.e. | 1 | |
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 12. No x are y. i.e. | 0 | |
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 13. Some x are y, and some are yβ. i.e. | 1 | 1 |
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 14. All x are yβ. i.e. | 0 | 1 |
| | |
ββ-
β
| | 15. No y are xβ. i.e. |β|
| 0 |
β
β
| 1 | 16. All y are x. i.e. |β|
| 0 |
β
β
| 0 | 17. No y exist. i.e. |β|
| 0 |
β
β
| | 18. Some y are xβ. i.e. |β|
| 1 |
β
β
| | 15. Some y exist. i.e. |-1-|
| |
β
3. Half of Smaller Diagram.
Symbols interpreted.
__________
1. No x are yβ.
2. No x exist.
3. Some x exist.
4. All x are yβ.
5. Some x are y. i.e. Some good riddles are hard.
6. All x are y. i.e. All good riddles are hard.
7. No x exist. i.e. No riddles are good.
8. No x are y. i.e. No good riddles are hard.
9. Some x are yβ. i.e. Some lobsters are unselfish.
10. No x are y. i.e. No lobsters are selfish.
11. All x are yβ. i.e. All lobsters are unselfish.
12. Some x are y, and some are yβ. i.e. Some lobsters are selfish, and some are unselfish.
13. All yβ are xβ. i.e. All invalids are unhappy.
14. Some yβ exist. i.e. Some people are unhealthy.
15. Some yβ are x, and some are xβ. i.e. Some invalids are happy, and some are unhappy.
16. No yβ exist. i.e. Nobody is unhealthy.
4. Smaller Diagram.
Propositions represented.
__________
ββ- ββ-
| 1 | | | | |
1. |β|β| 2. |β|β|
| 0 | | | 1 | |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| | | | | 1 |
3. |β|β| 4. |β|β|
| | 0 | | | |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| | 1 | | | |
5. |β|β| 6. |β|β|
| | | | 0 | |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| | | | | |
7. |β|β| 8. |β|β|
| | 1 | | 0 | 1 |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| | | | | |
9. |β|-1-| 10. |β|β|
| | | | 0 | 0 |
ββ- ββ-
ββ- ββ-
| 1 | | | 1 | 0 |
11. |β|β| 12. |β|β|
| 1 | | | | 1 |
ββ- ββ-
ββ-
| | | 13. No xβ are y. i.e. |β|β|
| 0 | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | 0 | 14. All yβ are xβ. i.e. |β|β|
| | 1 |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 15. Some yβ exist. i.e. |β|-1-|
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| 1 | 0 | 16. All y are x, and all x are y. i.e. |β|β|
| 0 | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 17. No xβ exist. i.e. |β|β|
| 0 | 0 |
ββ-
ββ-
| 0 | 1 | 18. All x are yβ. i.e. |β|β|
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| 0 | | 19. No x are y. i.e. |β|β|
| | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | | 20. Some xβ are y, and some are yβ. i.e. |β|β|
| 1 | 1 |
ββ-
ββ-
| 0 | 1 | 21. No y exist, and some x exist. i.e. |β|β|
| 0 | |
ββ-
ββ-
| | 1 | 22. All xβ are y, and all yβ are x. i.e. |β|β|
| 1 | 0 |
ββ-
ββ-
| 1 | | 17. Some x are y, and some xβ are yβ. i.e. |β|β|
| | 1 |
ββ-
5. Smaller Diagram.
Symbols interpreted.
__________
1. Some y are not-x, or, Some not-x are y.
2. No not-x are not-y, or, No not-y are not-x.
3. No not-y are x.
4. No not-x exist. i.e. No Things are not-x.
5. No y exist. i.e. No houses are two-storied.
6. Some xβ exist. i.e. Some houses are not built of brick.
7. No x are yβ. Or, no yβ are x. i.e. No houses, built of brick, are other than two-storied. Or, no houses, that are not two-storied, are built of brick.
8. All xβ are yβ. i.e. All houses, that are not built of brick, are not two-storied.
9. Some x are y, and some are yβ. i.e. Some fat boys are active, and some are not.
10. All yβ are xβ. i.e. All lazy boys are thin.
11. All x are yβ, and all yβ are x. i.e. All fat boys are lazy, and all lazy ones are fat.
12. All y are x, and all xβ are y. i.e. All active boys are fat, and all thin ones are lazy.
13. No x exist, and no yβ exist. i.e. No cats have green eyes, and none have bad tempers.
14. Some x are yβ, and some xβ are y. Or some y are xβ, and some yβ are x. i.e. Some green-eyed cats are bad-tempered, and some, that have not green eyes, are good-tempered. Or, some good-tempered cats have not green eyes, and some bad-tempered ones have green eyes.
15. Some x are y, and no xβ are yβ. Or, some y are x, and no yβ are xβ. i.e. Some green-eyed cats are good-tempered, and none, that are not green-eyed, are bad-tempered. Or, some good-tempered cats have green eyes, and none, that are bad-tempered, have not green eyes.
16. All x are yβ, and all xβ are y. Or, all y are xβ, and all yβ are x. i.e. All green-eyed cats are bad-tempered and all, that have not green eyes, are good-tempered. Or, all good-tempered ones have eyes that are not green, and all bad-tempered ones have green eyes.
6. Larger Diagram.
Propositions represented.
__________
βββββ βββββ
| | | | | |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | | | | | | |
1. |β|β|β|β| 2. |-1-|β|β|β|
| | | | | | | | | |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | | | | |
βββββ βββββ
βββββ βββββ
| | | | | 0 |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | | | | | | |
3. |β|β|β|β| 4. |β|β|β|β|
| | - | | | | | | |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | | | | 0 |
βββββ βββββ
βββββ βββββ
| 0 | | | | |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | | | | 0 | 1 | |
5. |β|β|β|β| 6. |β|β|β|β|
| | 1 | | | | | 0 | | |
| β|β | | β|β |
| 0 | | | | |
βββββ βββββ
βββββ βββββ
| | | | | 0 |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | | | | | | |
7. |β|β|β|β| 8. |β|β|β|β|
| | 0 | 1 | | | | 0 | 0 | |
| β|β | | β|β |
| | | | | 0 |
βββββ βββββ
βββββ
| | |
| β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | |
9. No x are m. i.e. |β|β|β|β|
| | 0 | | |
| β|β |
| | |
βββββ
βββββ
| | |
| β|β |
| | | | | 10. Some mβ are y. i.e. |-1-|β|β|β|
| | | | |
| β|β |
| | |
βββββ
βββββ
| | |
| β|β |
| | | 0 | | 11. All yβ are mβ. i.e. |β|β|β|-1-|
| | | 0 | |
| β|β |
| | |
βββββ
βββββ
| | |
| β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | | 12. All m are xβ. i.e. |β|β|β|β|
| | 1 | |
| β|β |
| | |
βββββ
βββββ
| 0 | |
| β|β |
| | 0 | 0 | | 13. No x are m; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
All y are m. | | 1 | | |
| β|β |
| 0 | |
βββββ
βββββ
| 0 | 0 |
| β|β |
| | | | | 14. All mβ are y; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
No x are mβ. | | | | |
| β|β |
| 1 | 0 |
βββββ
βββββ
| 0 | 0 |
| β|β |
| | 1 | 0 | | 15. All x are m; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
No m are yβ. | | | 0 | |
| β|β |
| | |
βββββ
βββββ
| 0 | 0 |
| β|β |
| | | | | 16. All mβ are yβ; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
No x are mβ. | | | | |
| β|β |
| 0 | 1 |
βββββ
βββββ
| 0 | 0 |
| β|β |
| | 1 | 0 | | 17. All x are m; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
All m are y. | | | 0 | |
| β|β | [See remarks on No. 7, p. 60.] | | |
βββββ
βββββ
| 0 | |
| β|β |
| | | | | 18. No xβ are m; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
No mβ are y. | | 0 | 0 | |
| β|β |
| 0 | |
βββββ
βββββ
| | |
| β|β |
| | 1 | 0 | | 19. All m are x; i.e. |β|β|β|β|
All m are y. | | 0 | 0 | |
| β|β |
|
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