A Conchological Manual - George Brettingham Sowerby (any book recommendations .txt) 📗

cross-barred.) Applied generally to

   any shells which are marked by ridges crossing each other as

   Cancellaria, fig. 385.

 

   CANCILLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, described as having "the whorls

   crossed by transverse linear ribs; inner canal wanting, plates very

   oblique; form slender; outer lip thin." _Ex._ M. Isabella, M. sulcata.

 

   CANCRIS. Montf. CREPIDULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CANOPUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CANTHAPLEURA. Guild. A genus composed of those species of Chiton, which

   have the mantle rough, with moveable spines, prickles, or hairs. _Ex._

spinosus, fig. 227.

 

   CANTHARIDUS. Montf. TROCHUS IRIS, Auct. and analogous species.

   Elenchus, Humph.

 

   CANTHARUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CANTHIDOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis, thus described: "spire

   generally short; whorls coronated with spines, or marked with

   longitudinal ribs; base obtuse. C. costata, Sow. Gen. f. 3." Melanopsis

   costata, plates, fig. 315.

 

   CANTHORBIS. Sw. A sub-genus of the sub-family Trochinæ, Sw. Described

   as being "nearly disc-shaped: spire but slightly raised; the margin of

   the body-whorl flattened, and serrated with flat spines; inner lip

   united to the outer; pillar and aperture as in the last. (Tubicanthus.)

imperialis. Mart. 173. f. 1714." This sub-genus appears to include

   those species of which De Montfort's genera Imperator and Calcar are

   formed.

 

   CANTHROPES. Montf. Described as resembling a Nautilus, with the whorls

   increasing so gradually, that the dorsal edge of the aperture advances

   but little beyond the last whorl. This genus is not mentioned by

   Blainville or Lamarck.

 

   CAPITULUM. Klein. POLLICIPES Mitellus, Lam. fig. 37*.

 

   CAPRELLA. ----? PLEKOCHEILUS, Guild. AURICULA Caprella, Lam.

 

   CAPRINA. D'Orb. DICERAS. Auct.?

 

   CAPRINUS. Montf. (Conch. Syst. t. 2. p. 143.) The figure appears to be

   intended to represent Helix Nux-denticulata.

 

   CAPSA. Brug. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve transverse,

   subequilateral, subtrigonal; cardinal teeth, two in one valve, one

   notched in the other; lateral teeth remote, obsolete; an external

   ligament; two muscular impressions in each valve; a large sinus in the

   muscular impression of the mantle.--_Obs._ This genus is so nearly

   related to Donax, that it is difficult to distinguish it at first

   sight. The Capsæ, however, have not the short, plain, straight,

   posterior side, the distinct lateral teeth, nor the crenulated margins

   which characterize nearly all the Donaces. They are found in the

   British Channel, Brazil, and coast of Pacific Ocean. They are known

   from Erycina by not having the pit in the hinge for the ligament. Fig.

C. Braziliensis.

 

   CAPULUS. Montf. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Obliquely conical,

   posteriorly recurved; apex pointed, sub-spiral; aperture large,

   rounded, oval; with two muscular impressions, lateral, meeting behind;

   epidermis horny, rather velvetty. Britain, Mediterranean, West Indies,

   California, Australia.

 

   CARDIACEA. (Cardiacées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera

   Dimyaria, Lam. Most of the genera of shells contained in this family

   are included in the very extensive family of Conchacea, in the system

   of De Blainville. They are described as having irregularly formed

   cardinal teeth, generally accompanied by one or two elongated lateral

   teeth. Most of the species are ventricose, and have regular radiating

   ribs. This family contains the genera Cardium, Cardita, Cypricardia,

   Hiatella, Isocardia, and others enumerated in the explanation of

   figures 122 to 130. Their characters may be thus explained.

 

CARDIUM. Two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve,

       including _Hemicardium_, _Papyridea_ and _Aphrodita_, in the last

       of which the teeth are nearly obsolete. Fig. 122, 123, 123*, 123**.

 

VENERICARDIA. Two oblique cardinal teeth, one elongated;

       including _Cardita_, which has the umbones nearly terminal.

       _Pachymya_ may probably be included, but the hinge is not known.

       Fig. 121, 124, and 130.

 

HIPPOPODIUM. One elongated cardinal tooth. Fig. 129.

 

MEGALODON. Hinge broad, septiform, with a large tooth in the

       centre of one valve. Fig. 127.

 

ISOCARDIA. Teeth laminar; umbones spiral. Fig. 126.

 

CARDILIA. The same, with a septiform posterior laminar tooth.

 

HIPPAGUS. Shaped like Isocardia, without teeth. Fig. 128.

 

   CARDILIA. Desh. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. A genus formed for the reception

   of Isocardia semi-sulcata, Lam. and a small fossil shell, which

   Deshayes had formerly named Hemi-cyclonosta Michelini; thus described,

   (translation) "shell oval, oblong, longitudinal, white, heart-shaped,

   ventricose, with large prominent umbones; hinge with a small cardinal

   tooth and a pit at the side; a spoon-shaped projection for the

   reception of the internal ligament; anterior muscular impression

   rounded, not deep; the posterior being upon a thin, horizontal lamina,

   projecting in the anterior." Deshayes further remarks that although the

   animal is unknown, the relations of the genus may be established by

   means of the shell alone. Two families contain all the shells which

   have the internal ligament inserted in a spoon-shaped projection; in

   the one, that of the Anatinæ, the ligament is supported upon a little

   bone, which is not soldered to the hinge; in the other, that of the

   Mactraceæ, this little bone has no existence. In the former, all the

   shells are inequivalve; in the latter equivalve. And M. Deshayes,

   considering that the valves are equal, and that there is no separate

   bone to the hinge, is of opinion that the genus ought to be placed near

   the Lutrariæ, and not far from the Anatinæ. C. semisulcata, fig. 501,

   2.

 

   CARDINAL MARGIN. The edge of a bivalve shell on which the teeth is

   placed.

 

   CARDINAL TEETH. The teeth upon the hinge directly beneath the umbones

   of a bivalve shell, as distinguished from the lateral teeth, which are

   placed at a distance on each side. In Venus, fig. 119, the cardinal

   teeth, are marked by the letter c.

 

   CARDIOCARDITES. Bl. A genus separated from CARDITA, Auct. Thus

   described (translation) "oval species, with the inferior margin nearly

   straight, or a very little inflated, crenulated and completely closed.

   _Ex._ La C. Ajar, Adans Seneg. pl. 16. fig. 2."

 

   CARDISSA. _Sw._ A genus composed of those species of CARDIUM _Auct._

   which are heart-shaped. _Ex._ C. dionæum, fig. 122. And C. Cardissa.

 

   CARDITA. Brug. _Fam._ Cardiacea, _Lam._ Submytilacea, Bl.--_Descr._

   Equivalve, inequilateral, ovate, subquadrate or oblong, marked

   externally by ribs radiating from the umbones and terminating in a

   crenulated margin on the inner surface; cardinal teeth in one valve,

   one long, thick, oblique; another short, more straight; in the other

   valve one long, oblique, thick. Muscular impressions two in each valve,

   rather oval; palleal impression not sinuated.--_Obs._ This description

   includes Lamarck's genus Venericardia, which, although consisting of

   the more oblong species, is not considered sufficiently distinct to

   justify the separation. Cypricardia is distinguished from this genus by

   a remote lateral tooth. Mediterranean, Africa, East Indies, &c. Cardita

   calyculata, fig. 124.

 

   CARDIUM. Auct. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._

   Equivalve, sub-equilateral, sometimes gaping posteriorly, ornamented on

   the outside by ribs radiating from the umbones; cardinal teeth, two in

 each valve, locked into each other crosswise, lateral teeth, two in

   each valve, remote; muscular impressions, two in each valve; palleal

   impression entire. Ligament external, inflated.--_Obs._ Although this

   genus includes many remarkable forms, the characters are so easily

   defined that there is no difficulty in distinguishing it from any other

   genus. C. angulatum, fig. 123. C. Groenlandicum, fig. 123*. APHRODITA,

   Lea. C. Hemicardium, fig. 123**. fig. 122. C. Dionæum. It is somewhat

   surprising that this genus, which contains some of the most beautiful

   forms of bivalve Testacea, should have been left till quite lately

   without any attempt to revise the species and settle the synonyms. The

   author of this Manual has endeavoured to remedy this defect by

   publishing a catalogue of all the species hitherto known, which amount

   to 97, including many new species described by him in the "Proceedings

   of the Zoological Society," in 1840. Parts 46 to 51, 149 and 150, and

   177 to 184 of his Conchological Illustrations contain figures of 60

   species. Cardia are frequent in all climates.

 

   CARINARIA. Auct. _Class_, Cephalopoda. _Division_, Monothalamia, Lam.

   _Fam._ Nectopoda, Bl.--_Descr._ Symmetrical or nearly so, conical,

   thin, glassy, fragile, patelliform; with a fimbriated dorsal keel; apex

   convolute, bent forwards; aperture oval, pointed at the dorsal

   extremity. _Hab._ Amboyna, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea.--_Obs._

   A most singular and beautiful shell, remarkable for its transparency,

   its fragile structure, and the dorsal keel, whence it derives its name.

   It was once so rare that a single specimen was known to realize one

   hundred guineas. Fig. 488. C. Mediterranea.

 

   CARINATED. (From _Carina_, a keel.) Applied to any shell having a

   raised, thin ledge, passing round a whorl or any other part of a shell,

   as in Carinaria, fig. 488.

 

   CARINEA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of OVULUM gibbosum, Auct.

   and similar species, fig. 443.

 

   CARINELLA. Adanson. LUTRARIA papyracea, Lam. LIGULA, Leach. _Fam._

   Mactracea, Lam. Fig. 77.

 

   CARINIDEA. Sw. A sub-genus of the genus Canthorbis, Sw. (Turbo.) thus

   described, "Imperforate; spire pyramidal, acute; basal whorl concave

   beneath, and carinated round its circumference; aperture oval, entire,

   slightly angulated at the base of the pillar, which turns inwards. C.

   concavus, Martini, 168, fig. 1620, brevispinosus? Sow. Gen. (Turbo,)

   fig. 1."

 

   CAROCOLLA. Auct. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, depressed,

   with the outer sides of the whorls angulated or keeled, whorls few;

   peritreme reflected; columella contiguous to the axis; epidermis

   thin.--_Obs._ This genus differing from Helix only in the whorls being

   angulated, is hardly distinct enough from the latter to justify the

   separation. In De Ferrusac's system these species constitute the

   division Helicigona, of the genus Helix. C. Lamarckii, fig. 277. East

   and West Indies, Philippines, South America and Europe.

 

   CARTILAGE. See LIGAMENT.

 

   CARYCHIUM. Müll. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._

   Oblong or cylindrical, with gradually increasing whorls, few in number;

   aperture straight, short, with a fold on the columella.--_Obs._ This

   genus of minute land shells differs from Auricula chiefly in the soft

   parts. De Furrusac enumerates three species, C. Lineatum, C.

   Corticaria, (_Odostomia_, Flem.) and C. Minimum, fig. 301. De

   Blainville places it in his genus Auricula, as "species with two folds

   and a posterior tooth on the columella," giving a figure of A. Mysotis

   as his example, and quoting the name Phitia, Gray. Europe.

 

   CASSIDARIA. Lam. (From Cassis) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata,

   Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, ventricose, spirally grooved and tuberculated, with

   a short turrited spire and a large aperture, terminating anteriorly in

   a recurved canal; outer lip thickened, reflected, undulated or

   denticulated; inner lip expanded over a part of the body whorl and the

   columella, with part of its lower edge free.--_Obs._ The recent species

   of this genus are not numerous; the few fossil species occur in the

   tertiary strata. C. carinata is found in Calc-grossier and London Clay.

   In general form this resembles CASSIS, but is at once distinguished by

   the canal, which does not turn abruptly back, but is slightly curved

   upwards. ONISCIA (C. Oniscus, &c. Lam.) is distinguished by the

   shortness of the canal, and the granulated surface of the inner lip.

   Fig. 407. C. Echinophora. Mediterranean.

 

   CASSIDEA. Sw. (from Cassis.) A genus composed of those species of the

   genus CASSIS, Auct. which have the "aperture wide; outer lip never

   broad or flattened, but sometimes slightly inflected; inner lip

   spreading, but never dilated or detached beyond the base into a

   prominent rim." East Indies. Ex. C. Glauca, fig. 411.

 

   CASSIDULA. Humph. PYRULA, Auct.

 

   CASSIDULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

 

   CASSIS. (A helmet.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata,

   Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or triangular, ventricose, thick, generally

   tuberculated, with a short varicose spire; aperture long, sometimes

   narrow, with the outer lip thickened and reflected, generally

   denticulated; the inner lip spread over the surface of the body whorl,

   indented and incrassated at its inner edge; canal turned suddenly over

   the back of the shell. _Hab._ Seas of tropical climates. The fossil

   species are rare, occurring in the tertiary strata.--_Obs._ The large,

   common species of this well known genus are used for shell cameos and

   as ornaments on chimney pieces, grottos, &c. and are remarkable for the

   triangular disc, presented by the inner lip, which, in many species, is

   thickened and spread over the front of the body whorl and the angulated

   outer lip. The smaller, more rounded species, which have widened

   apertures, have been separated by Swainson, under the generic name

   CASSIDEA. The C. rufa, coarctata, &c. are formed by Mr. Stutchbury into

   a new genus under the name CYPRÆCASSIS, for reasons which will be

   stated under the word. Cassidaria is distinguished by the gradual curve

   of the canal. Fig.