How to Live - Eugene Lyman Fisk (top 100 novels of all time .txt) 📗
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[R] 12th Census. U. S., 1900, iii. Vital Statistics, p. LXXIX.
[S] F. Prinzing Medizinische Statistik, Verlag von Gustav Fischer in Jena, 1906.
ENGLAND AND WALESAnnual Standardized Death Rates, Death Rates at Twelve Groups of Ages, and Infant Mortality, 1841–1910.[T] Year All Ages (Stand-
ard-
ized) Deaths per 1,000 Persons at Subjoined Ages 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30 35–45 45–55 55–65 65–75 75–85 85 and up-
wards Deaths of Infants under 1 yr. of Age per 1,000 Births 1841–45 20.6 63.7 8.7 5.0 7.2 8.8 9.7 12.1 16.1 28.7 62.0 137.1 295.3 148 1846–50 22.4 68.7 9.4 5.6 7.7 9.8 10.9 13.6 18.1 31.4 65.9 145.8 306.6 157 1851–55 21.7 68.9 8.6 5.2 7.4 9.0 10.1 12.7 17.2 29.6 62.9 143.2 299.5 156 1856–60 20.7 66.9 8.3 4.7 6.7 8.3 9.4 12.0 16.1 28.4 60.9 136.6 293.4 152 1861–65 21.4 69.1 8.4 4.7 6.6 8.4 9.8 12.6 17.1 30.2 62.4 139.1 298.8 151 1866–70 21.2 68.1 7.6 4.3 6.2 8.0 9.9 12.9 17.6 30.6 63.2 141.7 294.3 157 1871–75 20.9 64.9 6.9 4.0 5.8 7.7 9.6 13.1 18.0 31.6 65.3 141.6 305.2 153 1876–80 19.8 61.9 6.1 3.5 4.9 6.5 8.4 12.3 17.5 31.6 64.7 142.9 311.5 145 1881–85 18.7 56.6 5.7 3.2 4.6 6.0 8.0 11.8 17.2 31.0 63.5 136.1 277.7 139 1886–90 18.5 56.9 4.9 2.8 4.1 5.3 7.2 11.1 17.1 31.8 66.3 139.0 290.3 143 1891–95 18.5 57.8 4.6 2.6 4.0 5.0 6.8 11.0 17.3 32.5 67.3 140.8 274.1 151 1896–1900 17.6 57.6 4.1 2.4 3.5 4.5 6.0 10.1 16.2 30.5 64.1 133.6 267.5 156 1901–05 16.0 50.2 3.7 2.2 3.1 4.0 5.4 8.9 14.9 28.7 59.4 127.3 258.6 138 1906–10 14.4 41.7 3.4 2.0 2.9 3.6 4.8 7.8 13.7 27.5 58.1 127.0 262.4 117
Note improvement since 1890 in death rate at every age period of life.
[T] Seventy-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar General of the Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales, 1912, p. 28.
DEATH RATES CLASSIFIED BY SEX, AGE, AND GENERAL NATIVITY, NEW YORK STATE: 1900 AND 1910[U][U] Willcox, Walter F., Special Report on Vital Statistics, 33d annual report, State Department of Health, State of New York, 1912.
MALE Age Period. Native White. Foreign Born White. Coloured. 1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate. 1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate. 1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate. All ages 18.6 17.3 20.6 17.0 27.9 26.5 Under 1 180.3 154.9 166.6 104.6 410.5 313.2 1–4 23.0 17.5 31.6 21.7 57.0 46.6 5–9 5.0 4.0 5.3 3.4 11.0 7.4 10–14 3.0 2.3 2.5 2.5 8.1 7.1 15–19 4.6 3.9 4.9 4.3 10.2 11.3 20–24 7.4 5.9 6.8 5.2 13.8 11.2 25–29 9.4 7.5 7.9 5.6 14.0 11.8 30–34 11.3 9.6 9.3 6.9 15.5 19.6 35–39 12.4 12.3 12.2 9.8 15.1 19.8 40–44 13.6 13.7 15.0 13.2 19.3 23.9 45–49 14.7 16.6 19.8 17.7 30.9 28.7 50–54 17.2 19.6 26.0 23.6 32.0 32.4 55–59 22.3 27.0 34.3 35.4 43.8 45.3 60–64 31.0 37.4 43.4 46.9 40.5 57.4 65–69 46.3 53.5 61.9 65.6 72.4 76.5 70–74 67.5 72.3 82.2 85.2 90.2 77.5 75–79 109.4 118.1 119.4 115.7 125.0 130.6 80–84 156.1 163.9 182.4 190.7 163.1 163.5 85–89 243.8 246.0 239.0 243.3 122.8 183.7 90 &over 366.7 394.9 351.0 367.6 280.0 263.2 FEMALE Age Period. Native White. Foreign Born White. Coloured. 1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate. 1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate. 1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate. All ages 16.1 14.4 19.7 16.2 24.7 21.7 Under 1 149.7 128.7 160.1 92.0 335.6 265.0 1–4 21.0 16.3 30.5 18.6 49.6 40.1 5–9 4.8 3.8 5.0 3.9 10.1 8.6 10–14 2.9 2.3 2.7 2.4 12.3 7.2 15–19 4.5 3.2 3.6 3.2 8.8 9.7 20–24 6.8 4.9 5.8 4.0 8.8 10.9 25–29 8.1 6.1 7.6 5.3 10.1 10.4 30–34 8.9 7.0 9.3 6.6 12.4 11.4 35–39 9.3 7.7 11.0 7.9 15.1 14.3 40–44 10.1 9.6 13.3 9.9 19.7 20.2 45–49 12.4 11.3 16.9 13.5 19.1 20.8 50–54 14.9 15.0 22.2 19.1 25.4 29.8 55–59 19.4 19.8 31.3 28.8 39.3 36.4 60–64 25.4 27.5 41.7 41.0 52.2 49.8 65–69 38.2 42.7 57.0 59.4 62.0 69.6 70–74 58.7 64.5 83.1 85.2 86.3 49.7 75–79 93.4 96.0 117.5 115.0 110.7 96.0 80–84 148.7 152.7 167.5 170.2 136.8 131.7 85–89 224.2 223.9 246.9 242.1 117.6 175.8 90 & over 326.4 339.0 355.0 348.5 183.3 222.2The tables on this and the opposite page show the same general trend of mortality in New York State that is exhibited in the Registration States generally and wherever reliable statistics are obtainable. It will be noted, however, that there is little change in the mortality rate among women until age sixty, when a decidedly increased mortality rate is shown comparing 1910 with 1900. It will also be noted that this unfavorable trend in mortality in later life is manifested among native whites, foreign born and colored citizens alike.
COMPARISON OF EXPECTATIONS OF LIFE, NEW YORK CITY, ENGLAND AND WALES, AND LONDON Ages New York City[V]1909–1911. England and Wales[W]
1910–1912. London[W]
1911–1912. Males Females Males Females Males Females At birth 44.55 48.8 51.50 55.35 ... ... 10 46.95 50.4 53.08 55.91 ... ... 20 38.26 41.7 44.21 47.10 42.35 46.71 30 30.34 33.6 35.81 38.54 33.87 37.94 40 23.34 26.2 27.74 30.30 26.03 29.67 50 17.11 19.1 20.29 22.51 19.09 22.17 60 11.71 12.9 13.78 15.48 13.09 15.39 70 7.66 8.2 8.53 9.58 8.17 9.57 80 4.66 4.9 4.90 5.49 4.79 5.39 90 2.24 2.8 2.87 3.16 2.75 3.10
The above tables show, both among males and females, that the expectation of life is greater at every ago period in England and Wales and in London than in New York.
[V] Annual Report, Department of Health, City of New York, 1912, pp. 176–177.
[W] Supplement to the Seventy-Fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages in England and Wales. Part I—Life Tables, pp. 56–85.
DEATH RATE PER 1000 IN PRUSSIA BY AGE GROUPS1875–80 TO 1901–1910 Ages 1875–1880.[X] 1881–1890.[X] 1891–1900.[X] 1901–1910.[Y] Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1–2 71.8 69.1 70.2 68.0 58.0 55.5 45.3 43.1 2–3 37.1 36.1 36.3 34.6 24.7 23.8 16.5 16.0 3–5 22.2 21.7 20.8 20.7 14.2 13.9 8.9 8.8 5–10 9.3 9.2 8.8 9.0 5.9 6.1 4.2 4.4 10–15 3.9 4.3 3.8 4.3 2.9 3.3 2.4 2.7 15–20 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.6 20–25 7.7 6.3 7.0 5.8 6.0 5.1 5.2 4.6 25–30 8.6 8.2 7.6 7.5 6.1 6.1 5.3 5.5 30–40 10.9 10.3 10.6 9.7 8.3 7.9 7.0 6.7 40–50 16.7 12.3 16.3 11.7 14.3 10.0 12.5 8.6 50–60 27.6 20.7 26.9 19.8 24.2 17.5 23.5 16.0 60–70 53.0 46.3 51.4 44.8 48.7 42.0 45.5 37.4 70–80 113.3 106.2 110.2 113.9 102.5 97.1 100.6 102.0 80 & over 236.4 227.2 238.2 229.0 233.1 223.3 214.4 202.6
Note that in both sexes there was a steady and substantial decline in the death rate at all age periods of life after 1875.
[X] Königlich Statistisches Bureau in Berlin Preussische Statistik. Hft. 184, p. iv. ff., Berlin.
[Y] Zeitschrift des Königlich Preussichen Statistichen Landesamts, Berlin, 1912, p. xvii.
DEATH RATE PER 1000 IN DENMARK BY AGE GROUPS 1880–1889—1890–1900 Ages 1880–1889 1890–1900 Males Females Males Females 0–5 53.1 46.0 48.5 40.8 5–10 7.2 7.7 5.6 6.0 10–15 4.4 5.6 3.6 4.6 15–20 4.9 5.8 4.5 4.7 20–25 7.0 6.1 6.0 4.9 25–30 6.5 7.4 5.5 5.6 30–35 6.8 7.9 6.1 6.5 35–40 7.8 8.4 7.7 7.5 40–45 9.8 9.3 9.3 8.2 45–50 12.6 10.2 11.6 9.1 50–55 16.8 12.2 15.7 11.8 55–60 22.6 17.0 22.0 16.4 60–65 33.3 26.1 30.7 24.2 65–70 46.9 39.2 44.7 36.7 70–75 70.0 58.3 74.5 65.0 75–80 104.9 92.9 115.0 98.9 80–85 178.7 157.4 169.4 151.6 85–90 246.7 210.9 250.1 226.5 90-over 392.3 350.1 425.6 373.2Note the improvement in mortality at nearly every age period of life, in both sexes.
Befolkningsforholdene i. Denmark i. 19. Arrhundrede, p. 125. Denmark Statistiske Tabelvaerk, Ser. 5, Litra A. no. 5.
DEATH RATE PER 1000 IN SWEDEN BY AGE GROUPS[Z]1801–10 to 1891–00 Ages 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–25 25–35 35–45 45–55 55–65 65 over Years 1801–10 79.0 12.1 7.2 8.5 11.0 14.9 22.7 40.8 111.4 1811–20 76.0 9.7 5.6 7.2 9.9 14.3 21.0 37.6 102.9 1821–30 63.1 7.6 4.5 6.1 9.4 13.6 20.1 35.4 96.9 1831–40 60.3 7.5 4.7 6.0 9.8 14.3 20.8 35.6 102.1 1841–50 56.8 7.8 4.4 5.5 8.0 12.2 18.1 31.8 97.1 1851–60 60.5 10.9 5.5 6.1 8.4 11.9 17.9 32.1 91.6 1861–70 57.3 9.1 4.4 5.4 7.2 10.1 15.1 28.7 87.2 1871–80 52.3 8.5 4.2 5.3 7.4 9.3 13.1 23.6 79.4 1881–90 43.6 7.7 4.0 5.2 6.6 8.2 11.5 21.1 71.4 1891–00 36.9 6.0 3.6 5.4 6.5 7.8 10.9 19.7 71.3
Note the pronounced fall in the death rate at every age period during the past century.
[Z] F. Prinzing Medizinische Statistik, Verlag von Gustav Fischer in Jena, 1906.
The remedies, however, are plainly indicated:
Eugenics, to improve the stock. Periodic physical examinations to detect the earliest signs of disease, and especially infective foci in the head, such as diseased gums, tooth sockets, tonsils, nasal cavities, etc. The practice of personal hygiene along the lines of ascertained individual needs.Cancer, another disease heavily on the increase in all civilized countries, may be combated by similar measures.
SECTION IXEUGENICS
“How to Live” deals mainly with personal hygiene, that is, the proper care of the individual. Hygienic improvement is limited, however, to the attainment of the best of which an individual is capable. Eugenics deals with the even more vital subject of improving the inherent type and capacities of the individuals of the future. It has been but briefly touched upon in this volume.
Eugenic improvement is attainable through the control of heredity. By heredity is meant the action of elements which control the development of the individual, and determine his constitution or makeup. The laws of Nature governing this action are now known in part, so that advantage can be taken of them to bring about the hereditary improvement of the race, generation by generation.
Eugenics is not simply sex hygiene, as many have come to consider it, owing to the liberal use of the word Eugenics by the sex hygienists. Sex hygiene is, of course, one of the considerations in eugenic improvement.
Eugenics is not, furthermore, the science of improving the physical organism only, as has been erroneously assumed by certain uninformed publicists, a point of view which has been promoted by cartoonists, who find it good sport for their pens.
Eugenics does not require the old Spartan practise of infanticide, nor does Eugenics propose to do violence in any other way to humanitarian or religious feeling.
Eugenics does not mean, as some have imagined, compulsory or government-made marriages.
Nor is Eugenics the science of improving the human stock by matings that are academically ideal, but which lack the element of individual attraction and instinctive love.
There was a time when the inherent personality of a man, the color of his eyes, the capacity of his mind, the quality of his character, seemed clearly subject to the caprice of forces beyond the reach of mortal perception. In attempting to trace the source of a personality, hereditarily, no constancy could be detected in its relation to the lives from which it arose. A child was never absolutely like brother, sister, mother, father or grandparent.
An epoch-making discovery in 1865 by an Austrian monk named Mendel,[57] and later discoveries by a number of other scientists, revealed the subdivisibility of each individual into many distinct units or traits, the hereditary sources of which were clearly traceable, leading to various individuals of the family line, and not to one individual alone. Furthermore, it was found that the lack of a certain trait sometimes appears as a trait in itself, just as darkness seems like a condition in itself rather than as an absence of light.
These discoveries changed the whole current of thought regarding heredity, and the constancy of its action, as well as its controllability. It also emphasized the fact that it does make a difference whom one marries as to the character of the resulting offspring. Their makeup is not subject to the caprice of forces beyond human perception, but is in some degree subject to control.
Out of these discoveries has arisen the science of Eugenics. Sir Francis Galton, of England, was the first to start a world movement for its application toward conscious betterment of the human stock.
From the known laws governing the inheritability of unit-traits, it is apparently necessary, in the betterment of the race, to follow a few important rules:
Learn to analyze individuals into their inheritable traits—physical, mental and moral. Differentiate between socially noble and ignoble traits, between social and educational veneer and sterling inherent capacity. Do not expect physical, mental and moral perfection in any one individual, but look for a majority of sterling traits. Observe the presence or absence of specific traits in individuals at all ages of successive generations and fraternities of a family line. Learn how to estimate the inheritability of such traits in a family line, upon specific mating with another family line. Join your family line to one which is strong in respect to the traits in which yours is weak. But remember also that injuries can be inflicted on offspring by unhygienic living.Some of the characteristics in Man’s complex known to act hereditarily and to be traceable to distinct sources on family lines are as follows:[58]
Physical Traits.—Character of the facial features, color of the eyes, hair and skin, stature, weight, energy, strength, endurance, quickness, commanding presence, vivacity of manner, general bodily soundness; also defects of many kinds, such as those of the nervous system, of the speech, eyes, ears, skin, also baldness, defects of the muscular system, blood, thyroid glands, vascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive organs; also defects and peculiarities of the skeleton, etc. This does not mean that all shortcomings are inherited. It does mean, however, that the type of organism is inheritable which lacks resistance to the germs and other precipitating factors in bringing about the disease.
Mental Traits.—Among the mental characteristics known to arise from traceable hereditary sources may be mentioned factors in musical ability, artistic composition, literary ability, mechanical skill, calculating ability, inventive ability, memory, ability to spell, fluency in conversation, aptness in languages, military talent, acquisitiveness, attention, story-telling, poetic ability; and, on the other hand, insanity, feeble-mindedness of many types, epilepsy. These are suggestive of the inheritability of many other mental traits not yet studied.
Moral Traits.—Among the moral traits known to possess inheritable elements are generosity, piousness, independence, industry, will-power, faithfulness, fairness, sociability, reliability, self-reliance, tendency to work hard, perseverance, carefulness, impulsiveness, temperance, high-spiritedness, joviality, benignity, quietness, cheerfulness, hospitality, sympathy, humorousness, love of fun, neighborliness, love of frontier life, love of travel and of adventure. The same may be said of immoral traits, such as criminality, pauperism, delinquency, irascibility, lying, truancy, superstition, clannishness, secretiveness, despondency, slyness, exclusiveness, vanity, cunning, cruelty, quickness to anger, revengefulness, etc.
These physical, mental and moral peculiarities are not scattered evenly through the population, but exist on certain family lines only.
For instance, one-tenth of the deaths that occur in the United States are from tuberculosis. But this does not mean that one-tenth of
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