Unconscious Memory(Fiscle Part-3) - Samuel Butler (digital e reader TXT) 📗
- Author: Samuel Butler
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Likeness Of The Combinations Immediately Preceding The Two
Performances, Yet Memory Plays So Important A Part In Both These
Combinations As To Make It A Distinguishing Feature In Them, And
Therefore Proper To Be Insisted Upon. We Do Not, For Example, Say
That Herr Joachim Played Such And Such A Sonata Without The Music,
Because He Was Such And Such An Arrangement Of Matter In Such And
Such Circumstances, Resembling Those Under Which He Played Without
Music On Some Past Occasion. This Goes Without Saying; We Say Only
That He Played The Music By Heart Or By Memory, As He Had Often
Played It Before.
To The Objector That A Caterpillar Becomes A Chrysalis Not Because It
Remembers And Takes The Action Taken By Its Fathers And Mothers In
Due Course Before It, But Because When Matter Is In Such A Physical
And Mental State As To Be Called Caterpillar, It Must Perforce Assume
Presently Such Another Physical And Mental State As To Be Called
Chrysalis, And That Therefore There Is No Memory In The Case--To This
Objector I Rejoin That The Offspring Caterpillar Would Not Have
Become So Like The Parent As To Make The Next Or Chrysalis Stage A
Matter Of Necessity, Unless Both Parent And Offspring Had Been
Influenced By Something That We Usually Call Memory. For It Is This
Very Possession Of A Common Memory Which Has Guided The Offspring
Into The Path Taken By, And Hence To A Virtually Same Condition With,
The Parent, And Which Guided The Parent In Its Turn To A State
Virtually Identical With A Corresponding State In The Existence Of
Its Own Parent. To Memory, Therefore, The Most Prominent Place In
The Transaction Is Assigned Rightly.
To Deny That Will Guided By Memory Has Anything To Do With The
Development Of Embryos Seems Like Denying That A Desire To Obstruct
Has Anything To Do With The Recent Conduct Of Certain Members In The
House Of Commons. What Should We Think Of One Who Said That The
Action Of These Gentlemen Had Nothing To Do With A Desire To
Embarrass The Government, But Was Simply The Necessary Outcome Of The
Chemical And Mechanical Forces At Work, Which Being Such And Such,
The Action Which We See Is Inevitable, And Has Therefore Nothing To
Do With Wilful Obstruction? We Should Answer That There Was
Doubtless A Great Deal Of Chemical And Mechanical Action In The
Matter; Perhaps, For Aught We Knew Or Cared, It Was All Chemical And
Mechanical; But If So, Then A Desire To Obstruct Parliamentary
Business Is Involved In Certain Kinds Of Chemical And Mechanical
Action, And That The Kinds Involving This Had Preceded The Recent
Proceedings Of The Members In Question. If Asked To Prove This, We
Can Get No Further Than That Such Action As Has Been Taken Has Never
Yet Been Seen Except As Following After And In Consequence Of A
Desire To Obstruct; That This Is Our Nomenclature, And That We Can No
More Be Expected To Change It Than To Change Our Mother Tongue At The
Bidding Of A Foreigner.
Chapter 12 Pg 132
A Little Reflection Will Convince The Reader That He Will Be Unable
To Deny Will And Memory To The Embryo Without At The Same Time
Denying Their Existence Everywhere, And Maintaining That They Have No
Place In The Acquisition Of A Habit, Nor Indeed In Any Human Action.
He Will Feel That The Actions, And The Relation Of One Action To
Another Which He Observes In Embryos Is Such As Is Never Seen Except
In Association With And As A Consequence Of Will And Memory. He Will
Therefore Say That It Is Due To Will And Memory. To Say That These
Are The Necessary Outcome Of Certain Antecedents Is Not To Destroy
Them: Granted That They Are--A Man Does Not Cease To Be A Man When
We Reflect That He Has Had A Father And Mother, Nor Do Will And
Memory Cease To Be Will And Memory On The Ground That They Cannot
Come Causeless. They Are Manifest Minute By Minute To The Perception
Of All Sane People, And This Tribunal, Though Not Infallible, Is
Nevertheless Our Ultimate Court Of Appeal--The Final Arbitrator In
All Disputed Cases.
We Must Remember That There Is No Action, However Original Or
Peculiar, Which Is Not In Respect Of Far The Greater Number Of Its
Details Founded Upon Memory. If A Desperate Man Blows His Brains
Out--An Action Which He Can Do Once In A Lifetime Only, And Which
None Of His Ancestors Can Have Done Before Leaving Offspring--Still
Nine Hundred And Ninety-Nine Thousandths Of The Movements Necessary
To Achieve His End Consist Of Habitual Movements--Movements, That Is
To Say, Which Were Once Difficult, But Which Have Been Practised And
Practised By The Help Of Memory Until They Are Now Performed
Automatically. We Can No More Have An Action Than A Creative Effort
Of The Imagination Cut Off From Memory. Ideas And Actions Seem
Almost To Resemble Matter And Force In Respect Of The Impossibility
Of Originating Or Destroying Them; Nearly All That Are, Are Memories
Of Other Ideas And Actions, Transmitted But Not Created, Disappearing
But Not Perishing.
It Appears, Then, That When In Chapter X. We Supposed The Clerk Who
Wanted His Dinner To Forget On A Second Day The Action He Had Taken
The Day Before, We Still, Without Perhaps Perceiving It, Supposed Him
To Be Guided By Memory In All The Details Of His Action, Such As His
Taking Down His Hat And Going Out Into The Street. We Could Not,
Indeed, Deprive Him Of All Memory Without Absolutely Paralysing His
Action.
Nevertheless New Ideas, New Faiths, And New Actions Do In The Course
Of Time Come About, The Living Expressions Of Which We May See In The
New Forms Of Life Which From Time To Time Have Arisen And Are Still
Arising, And In The Increase Of Our Own Knowledge And Mechanical
Inventions. But It Is Only A Very Little New That Is Added At A
Time, And That Little Is Generally Due To The Desire To Attain An End
Which Cannot Be Attained By Any Of The Means For Which There Exists A
Perceived Precedent In The Memory. When This Is The Case, Either The
Memory Is Further Ransacked For Any Forgotten Shreds Of Details, A
Combination Of Which May Serve The Desired Purpose; Or Action Is
Taken In The Dark, Which Sometimes Succeeds And Becomes A Fertile
Source Of Further Combinations; Or We Are Brought To A Dead Stop.
All Action Is Random In Respect Of Any Of The Minute Actions Which
Chapter 12 Pg 133Compose It That Are Not Done In Consequence Of Memory, Real Or
Supposed. So That Random, Or Action Taken In The Dark, Or Illusion,
Lies At The Very Root Of Progress.
I Will Now Consider The Objection That The Phenomena Of Instinct And
Embryonic Development Ought Not To Be Ascribed To Memory, Inasmuch As
Certain Other Phenomena Of Heredity, Such As Gout, Cannot Be Ascribed
To It.
Those Who Object In This Way Forget That Our Actions Fall Into Two
Main Classes: Those Which We Have Often Repeated Before By Means Of
A Regular Series Of Subordinate Actions Beginning And Ending At A
Certain Tolerably Well-Defined Point--As When Herr Joachim Plays A
Sonata In Public, Or When We Dress Or Undress Ourselves; And Actions
The Details Of Which Are Indeed Guided By Memory, But Which In Their
General Scope And Purpose Are New--As When We Are Being Married Or
Presented At Court.
At Each Point In Any Action Of The First Of The Two Kinds Above
Referred To There Is A Memory (Conscious Or Unconscious According To
The Less Or Greater Number Of Times The Action Has Been Repeated),
Not Only Of The Steps In The Present And Previous Performances Which
Have Led Up To The Particular Point That May Be Selected, But Also Of
The Particular Point Itself; There Is, Therefore, At Each Point In A
Habitual Performance A Memory At Once Of Like Antecedents And Of A
Like Present.
If The Memory, Whether Of The Antecedent Or The Present, Were
Absolutely Perfect; If The Vibration (According To Professor Hering)
On Each Repetition Existed In Its Full Original Strength And Without
Having Been Interfered With By Any Other Vibration; And If, Again,
The New Wave Running Into It From Exterior Objects On Each Repetition
Of The Action Were Absolutely Identical In Character With The Wave
That Ran In Upon The Last Occasion, Then There Would Be No Change In
The Action And No Modification Or Improvement Could Take Place. For
Though Indeed The Latest Performance Would Always Have One Memory
More Than The Latest But One To Guide It, Yet The Memories Being
Identical, It Would Not Matter How Many Or How Few They Were.
On Any Repetition, However, The Circumstances, External Or Internal,
Or Both, Never Are Absolutely Identical: There Is Some Slight
Variation In Each Individual Case, And Some Part Of This Variation Is
Remembered, With Approbation Or Disapprobation As The Case May Be.
The Fact, Therefore, That On Each Repetition Of The Action There Is
One Memory More Than On The Last But One, And That This Memory Is
Slightly Different From Its Predecessor, Is Seen To Be An Inherent
And, Ex Hypothesi, Necessarily Disturbing Factor In All Habitual
Action--And The Life Of An Organism Should Be Regarded As The
Habitual Action Of A Single Individual, Namely, Of The Organism
Itself, And Of Its Ancestors. This Is The Key To Accumulation Of
Improvement, Whether In The Arts Which We Assiduously Practise During
Our Single Life, Or In The Structures And Instincts Of Successive
Generations. The Memory Does Not Complete A True Circle, But Is, As
Chapter 12 Pg 134It Were, A Spiral Slightly Divergent Therefrom. It Is No Longer A
Perfectly Circulating Decimal. Where, On The Other Hand, There Is No
Memory Of A Like Present, Where, In Fact, The Memory Is Not, So To
Speak, Spiral, There Is No Accumulation Of Improvement. The Effect
Of Any Variation Is Not Transmitted, And Is Not Thus Pregnant Of
Still Further Change.
As Regards The Second Of The Two Classes Of Actions Above Referred
To--Those, Namely, Which Are Not Recurrent Or Habitual, And At No
Point Of Which Is There A Memory Of A Past Present Like The One Which
Is Present Now--There Will Have Been No Accumulation Of Strong And
Well-Knit Memory As Regards The Action As A Whole, But Action, If
Taken At All, Will Be Taken Upon Disjointed Fragments Of Individual
Actions (Our Own And Those Of Other People) Pieced Together With A
Result
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