U.S.A. Copyright Law - Library of Congress. Copyright Office (best sales books of all time txt) 📗
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A "primary transmission" is a transmission made to the public by the
transmitting facility whose signals are being received and further
transmitted by the secondary transmission service, regardless of where
or when the performance or display was first transmitted.
A "secondary transmission" is the further transmitting of a primary
transmission simultaneously with the primary transmission, or
nonsimultaneously with the primary transmission if by a "cable system"
not located in whole or in part within the boundary of the forty-eight
contiguous States, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico: Provided, however, That a
nonsimultaneous further transmission by a cable system located in Hawaii
of a primary transmission shall be deemed to be a secondary transmission
if the carriage of the television broadcast signal comprising such
further transmission is permissible under the rules, regulations, or
authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission.
A "cable system" is a facility, located in any State, Territory, Trust
Territory, or Possession, that in whole or in part receives signals
transmitted or programs broadcast by one or more television broadcast
stations licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, and makes
secondary transmissions of such signals or programs by wires, cables,
microwave, or other communications channels to subscribing members of
the public who pay for such service. For purposes of determining the
royalty fee under subsection (d)(1), two or more cable systems in
contiguous communities under common ownership or control or operating
from one headend shall be considered as one system.
The "local service area of a primary transmitter", in the case of a
television broadcast station, comprises the area in which such station
is entitled to insist upon its signal being retransmitted by a cable
system pursuant to the rules, regulations, and authorizations of the
Federal Communications Commission in effect on April 15, 1976, or such
station's television market as defined in section 76.55(e) of title 47,
Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on September 18, 1993), or any
modifications to such television market made, on or after September 18,
1993, pursuant to section 76.55(e) or 76.59 of title 47 of the Code of
Federal Regulations, or in the case of a television broadcast station
licensed by an appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico,
the area in which it would be entitled to insist upon its signal being
retransmitted if it were a television broadcast station subject to such
rules, regulations, and authorizations. In the case of a low power
television station, as defined by the rules and regulations of the
Federal Communications Commission, the "local service area of a primary
transmitter" comprises the area within 35 miles of the transmitter site,
except that in the case of such a station located in a standard
metropolitan statistical area which has one of the 50 largest
populations of all standard metropolitan statistical areas (based on the
1980 decennial census of population taken by the Secretary of Commerce),
the number of miles shall be 20 miles. The "local service area of a
primary transmitter", in the case of a radio broadcast station,
comprises the primary service area of such station, pursuant to the
rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission.
A "distant signal equivalent" is the value assigned to the secondary
transmission of any nonnetwork television programming carried by a cable
system in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the primary
transmitter of such programming. It is computed by assigning a value of
one to each independent station and a value of one-quarter to each
network station and noncommercial educational station for the nonnetwork
programming so carried pursuant to the rules, regulations, and
authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission. The foregoing
values for independent, network, and noncommercial educational stations
are subject, however, to the following exceptions and limitations. Where
the rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission
require a cable system to omit the further transmission of a particular
program and such rules and regulations also permit the substitution of
another program embodying a performance or display of a work in place of
the omitted transmission, or where such rules and regulations in effect
on the date of enactment of this Act permit a cable system, at its
election, to effect such deletion and substitution of a nonlive program
or to carry additional programs not transmitted by primary transmitters
within whose local service area the cable system is located, no value
shall be assigned for the substituted or additional program; where the
rules, regulations, or authorizations of the Federal Communications
Commission in effect on the date of enactment of this Act permit a cable
system, at its election, to omit the further transmission of a
particular program and such rules, regulations, or authorizations also
permit the substitution of another program embodying a performance or
display of a work in place of the omitted transmission, the value
assigned for the substituted or additional program shall be, in the case
of a live program, the value of one full distant signal equivalent
multiplied by a fraction that has as its numerator the number of days in
the year in which such substitution occurs and as its denominator the
number of days in the year. In the case of a station carried pursuant to
the late-night or specialty programming rules of the Federal
Communications Commission, or a station carried on a part-time basis
where full-time carriage is not possible because the cable system lacks
the activated channel capacity to retransmit on a full-time basis all
signals which it is authorized to carry, the values for independent,
network, and noncommercial educational stations set forth above, as the
case may be, shall be multiplied by a fraction which is equal to the
ratio of the broadcast hours of such station carried by the cable system
to the total broadcast hours of the station.
A "network station" is a television broadcast station that is owned or
operated by, or affiliated with, one or more of the television networks
in the United States providing nationwide transmissions, and that
transmits a substantial part of the programming supplied by such
networks for a substantial part of that station's typical broadcast day.
An "independent station" is a commercial television broadcast station
other than a network station.
A "noncommercial educational station" is a television station that is a
noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in section 397 of
title 47.
Section 112. Limitations on exclusive rights: Ephemeral recordings [44]
(a)(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, and except in the
case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, it is not an
infringement of copyright for a transmitting organization entitled to
transmit to the public a performance or display of a work, under a
license, including a statutory license under section 114(f), or transfer
of the copyright or under the limitations on exclusive rights in sound
recordings specified by section 114 (a) or for a transmitting
organization that is a broadcast radio or television station licensed as
such by the Federal Communications Commission and that makes a broadcast
transmission of a performance of a sound recording in a digital format
on a nonsubscription basis, to make no more than one copy or phonorecord
of a particular transmission program embodying the performance or
display, if-
(A) the copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the
transmitting organization that made it, and no further copies or
phonorecords are reproduced from it; and
(B) the copy or phonorecord is used solely for the transmitting
organization's own transmissions within its local service area, or for
purposes of archival preservation or security; and
(C) unless preserved exclusively for archival purposes, the copy or
phonorecord is destroyed within six months from the date the
transmission program was first transmitted to the public.
(2) In a case in which a transmitting organization entitled to make a
copy or phonorecord under paragraph (1) in connection with the
transmission to the public of a performance or display of a work is
prevented from making such copy or phonorecord by reason of the
application by the copyright owner of technical measures that prevent
the reproduction of the work, the copyright owner shall make available
to the transmitting organization the necessary means for permitting the
making of such copy or phonorecord as permitted under that paragraph, if
it is technologically feasible and economically reasonable for the
copyright owner to do so. If the copyright owner fails to do so in a
timely manner in light of the transmitting organization's reasonable
business requirements, the transmitting organization shall not be liable
for a violation of section 1201(a)(1) of this title for engaging in such
activities as are necessary to make such copies or phonorecords as
permitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an
infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit
organization entitled to transmit a performance or display of a work,
under section 110(2) or under the limitations on exclusive rights in
sound recordings specified by section 114(a), to make no more than
thirty copies or phonorecords of a particular transmission program
embodying the performance or display, if
(1) no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from the copies or
phonorecords made under this clause; and
(2) except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved exclusively
for archival purposes, the copies or phonorecords are destroyed within
seven years from the date the transmission program was first transmitted
to the public.
(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an
infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit
organization to make for distribution no more than one copy or
phonorecord, for each transmitting organization specified in clause (2)
of this subsection, of a particular transmission program embodying a
performance of a nondramatic musical work of a religious nature, or of a
sound recording of such a musical work, if-
(1) there is no direct or indirect charge for making or distributing any
such copies or phonorecords; and
(2) none of such copies or phonorecords is used for any performance
other than a single transmission to the public by a transmitting
organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance of the
work under a license or transfer of the copyright; and
(3) except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved exclusively
for archival purposes, the copies or phonorecords are all destroyed
within one year from the date the transmission program was first
transmitted to the public.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an
infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit
organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section
110(8) to make no more than ten copies or phonorecords embodying the
performance, or to permit the use of any such copy or phonorecord by any
governmental body or nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a
performance of a work under section 110(8), if-
(1) any such copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the
organization that made it, or by a governmental body or nonprofit
organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section
110(8), and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from it;
and
(2) any such copy or phonorecord is used solely for transmissions
authorized under section 110(8), or for purposes of archival
preservation or security; and
(3) the governmental body or nonprofit organization permitting any use
of any such copy or phonorecord by any governmental body or nonprofit
organization under this subsection does not make any charge for such
use.
(e) Statutory License. (1) A transmitting organization entitled to
transmit to the public a performance of a sound recording under the
limitation on exclusive rights specified by section 114(d)(1)(C)(iv) or
under a statutory license in accordance with section 114(f) is entitled
to a statutory license, under the conditions specified by this
subsection, to make no more than 1 phonorecord of the sound recording
(unless the terms and conditions of the statutory license allow for
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