Author: John Jr

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number of police officers, 120—21

status as explanatory variable, 117—20 assumptions, questions about, 131—32 Australia, 241 Ayres, Ian, 147, 213-15, 217-18, 224-30,

285n21, 290n31, 303nn87-89

background checks, 162, 163, 292nn7, 9

Beard, Michael, 202

Becker, Gary, 273nl0

Bell Campaign, 223

Berg, Alan, 13

Black, Dan, 129, 131, 135-41, 142-43, 146,

155-56, 157, 209-13, 224-25,

290nn28-29 Brady, James, 157, 219 Brady, Sarah, 162, 219 Brady law, 14, 20, 36, 86, 90t, 91, 109, 162-

64, 191, 199, 202, 254, 285nl5, 300n70 Brazil, 241

broken-window effect, 26, 290n23 Bronars, Stephen G., 295n25

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 163, 294nnl0, 12-13 Published Ordinances—Firearms, 49 Bureau of the Census, 48, 253-55 buyback programs, 18, 168

Carroll, Thomas, 16

Center for Gun Policy and Research,

Johns Hopkins University, 128-29, 130 Center to Prevent Handgun Violence,

267n45 Chapman, Stephen, 125 Chicago Police Department, 8 Cleave, Philip Van, 2 Clinton, President William, 9-10, 168, 238,

242, 266n37, 282n29 Columbine High School, 195, 236, 243 concealed-handgun laws

and accidental deaths, 54, 110-12, 112t,

115 adoption of, 43, 132-33, 263n3, 277-

78nnl0, 12, 23 aversion to public debate about, 126—

28, 286-87n2 and crime, 11—12, 20 and crime rates, 46t, 51, 52t-53t, 118—

20, 135-38, 152 and crime trends, 70, 73-75, 74t, 76t defined, 250 and deterrence, 160 discretionary and nondiscretionary,

144-45, 277nnl0-12 economic benefits from, 54,55t, 56,160 and mass public shootings, 100—102,

115,194-97,236-38 and specific types of crime, 77t, 78t, 79t, 97-100, 98t, 133-34, 140t, 142t, 143t

concealed-handgun laws (continued) spillover effect, 93t, 94t, 162 in states, 46t, 58-60, 118-20, 142-43,

151-52 and suicide, 113 and urban areas, 161 variation across states, 83, 86, 87t—89t variation in effect across counties, 62-

63, 64t-67t variation in effect across states, 75, 79,

80t, 81, 82t, 280-81nl6 concealed-handgun permits celebrities with, 15 and crime rates, 75-81, 103-9, 104t,

105t, 108t economic benefits, 109—10, 115 granted by three states, 75t in populous counties, 63—65, 227—30 predicting permit rates, 174—76 revocations of, 14, 219—22, 231 concealed handguns

and accidental deaths, 54 benefits for women v. men, 20 and blacks, 68-70 and deterrence, 5—7 and law-abiding citizens, 275n22 spillover effect, 5, 91-94 and training, 175-76, 231-232 Cook, Philip, 11, 267nn43, 46-47, 291n41 Cosby, Bill, 15 Cramer, Clayton, 133, 225 crime

cycles, 73, 75, 130-31, 207-9 geographic variation in prevalence,

27t trends, and concealed-handgun laws,

70, 73-75, 74t, 76t, 209-10 crime rate

and additional police officers, 291n3 and arrest rate, 103-6, 115—16 and conviction rate, 106, 115—16 defined, 250 effect of concealed-handgun laws v.

arrest rate, 118-19 effect of demographic characteristics

on, 56-57, 259t-62t, 277nl8 impact of handgun laws and arrest

rate, aggregate data, 59t, 611 increases in, 40, 43 and nonhandgun variables, 56—57 and prison population, 273nn9—10 and sentence length, 107—9

variation across states and counties

compared, 30t See also concealed-handgun laws, and

specific types of crime criminals

characteristics of, 8—9, 266nn33—34 motivation of, 4-5, 15-16, 19 criticisms of and responses to original

study adoption dates, 132-33 arrest rate, 146, 154—55 causality, 153—54 coefficients of demographic variables,

143-44 crime cycles, 130-31, 207-9 crime rates, 135—38 cross-state comparisons, 151—52 deterrent effect, 156 discretionary v. nondiscretionary,

144-45 inclusion of Florida, 138—41 inclusion of Maine, 142 linkage of ownership and crime, 152-53 misleading graphs, 146—47 murders of youths and adults, 147-48 public places, 150-51 putative assumptions, 131-32 robberies, 133-34, 215-17 scale of changes, 129—30 substitution of property crimes for

rape, 134 variation of laws across states, 142—43 victim characteristics, 148—50

Daly, Martin, 265n28

data

basic, 43-49

city-level, 190-94

county v. state-level, 28—33

demographics in U.S. counties, 257t

demographic variables, 143—44

determining gun ownership, 275n2

difficulties in interpreting, 26—29,

283-84nl effect of demographic characteristics

on crime, 259t-62t national sample means and standard

deviations, 256t—57t sources of, 19, 43, 252-55

defensive gun use. See gun use, defensive

Department of Commerce, Regional Economic Information System, 48

Department of Health and Human Services, Mortality Detail Records, 97, 111

Department of Justice, 164

Expenditure and Employment Data,

118,253 National Crime Victimization Survey,

4, 11 National Institute of Justice, 266-67n43

deterrence, 5, 16-18, 267n47

of arrests across counties, 60, 611

and case for concealed handguns, 5—7,

26 of concealed handguns, 156

Dezbakhsh, Hashem, 302n83, 304nl06

Dilulio, John J., 266n36, 282n32

discretionary concealed-handgun laws. See concealed-handgun laws

Donohue, John, 213-15, 217-18, 224-30, 303nn87-89

Dunn, John, 14

economic costs of crime, 54—56 Edinboro, Pennsylvania, 194-95, 236—37 Ehrlich, Isaac, 117, 118, 275n26, 295n24 empirical evidence basic data, 43—49

concealed-handgun laws as explanatory variable, 117—20 controlling for other gun laws, 84t—

85t, 197-202 controlling for robbery and burglary

rates, 71t-72t factoring in cocaine prices, 279-80n8 general issues, 25, 26, 33—35, 50—51,

94-96 putative assumptions, 131—32 results reexamined with additional

data, 86, 90t, 90-91 sensitivity of results, 57, 184-90 using crime rates to explain other

crime rates, 70, 71t-72t variation of time trends over states,

57-58 See also concealed-handgun laws; data; methodology endogeneity problem, 22, 24—25, 146 England, 241

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Uniform Crime Reports, 7, 26—28, 33, 44t-45t, 47, 86, 163, 252-53

Supplementary Homicide Reports, 97, 252

Finke, Doug, 148

Florida

change in murder rate, 108t, 139t as special case, 138-41, 227, 290n27

General Accounting Office, 199 General Social Survey, 37—40 Gerchick, Cari, 254 Giuliani, Rudolph W., 6 Glaeser, Edward, 48, 277nl9 Glick, Susan, 122-23, 287n3 Grabowski, Steve, 86 graphs, misleading, 146—47 gun ban, complete, 164—65 gun control

arguments for, 9—10, 267nn43—47

aversion to open debate of, 126—28

and blacks, 68-70, 282nn26-28

studies of, 21—25

supporters of, 14 gun culture, America as, 1 "gun-free" zones or "safe-zones," 167,

240 gun locks, 9-10, 266-67nn40-41, 43,

282n29 gun ownership

benefits for women and blacks, 62, 161, 281n23

and crime rates, 113—14, 114t

difficulty of international comparisons, 113

demographics of, 37t, 37-40, 38t, 39t, 40t, 41t-42t, 267-68n48, 276n7

determining, 275n2