The Souls of Black Folk - W. E. B. Du Bois (free e reader txt) 📗

Since their day they have been imitated⁠—sometimes well, by the singers of Hampton and Atlanta, sometimes ill, by straggling quartettes. Caricature has sought again to spoil the quaint beauty of the music, and has filled the air with many debased melodies which vulgar ears scarce know from the real. But the true Negro folksong still lives in the hearts of those who have heard them truly sung and in the hearts of the Negro people.

What are these songs, and what do they mean? I know little of music and can say nothing in technical phrase, but I know something of men, and knowing them, I know that these songs are the articulate message of the slave to the world. They tell us in these eager days that life was joyous to the black slave, careless and happy. I can easily believe this of some, of many. But not all the past South, though it rose from the dead, can gainsay the heart-touching witness of these songs. They are the music of an unhappy people, of the children of disappointment; they tell of death and suffering and unvoiced longing toward a truer world, of misty wanderings and hidden ways.

The songs are indeed the siftings of centuries; the music is far more ancient than the words, and in it we can trace here and there signs of development. My grandfather’s grandmother was seized by an evil Dutch trader two centuries ago; and coming to the valleys of the Hudson and Housatonic, black, little, and lithe, she shivered and shrank in the harsh north winds, looked longingly at the hills, and often crooned a heathen melody to the child between her knees, thus:

The child sang it to his children and they to their children’s children, and so two hundred years it has travelled down to us and we sing it to our children, knowing as little as our fathers what its words may mean, but knowing well the meaning of its music.

This was primitive African music; it may be seen in larger form in the strange chant which heralds “The Coming of John”:

“You may bury me in the East,
You may bury me in the West,
But I’ll hear the trumpet sound in that morning,”

—the voice of exile.

Ten master songs, more or less, one may pluck from the forest of melody-songs of undoubted Negro origin and wide popular currency, and songs peculiarly characteristic of the slave. One of these I have just mentioned. Another whose strains begin this book is “Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen.” When, struck with a sudden poverty, the United States refused to fulfill its promises of land to the freedmen, a brigadier-general went down to the Sea Islands to carry the news. An old woman on the outskirts of the throng began singing this song; all the mass joined with her, swaying. And the soldier wept.

The third song is the cradlesong of death which all men know⁠—“Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,”⁠—whose bars begin the life story of “Alexander Crummell.” Then there is the song of many waters, “Roll, Jordan, Roll,” a mighty chorus with minor cadences. There were many songs of the fugitive like that which opens “The Wings of Atalanta,” and the more familiar “Been A-Listening.” The seventh is the song of the End and the Beginning⁠—“My Lord, What a Mourning! When the Stars Begin to Fall”; a strain of this is placed before “The Dawn of Freedom.” The song of groping⁠—“My Way’s Cloudy”⁠—begins “The Meaning of Progress”; the ninth is the song of this chapter⁠—“Wrestlin’ Jacob, the Day Is A-Breaking,”⁠—a paean of hopeful strife. The last master song is the song of songs⁠—“Steal Away,”⁠—sprung from “The Faith of the Fathers.”

There are many others of the Negro folksongs as striking and characteristic as these, as, for instance, the three strains in the third, eighth, and ninth chapters; and others I am sure could easily make a selection on more scientific principles. There are, too, songs that seem to be a step removed from the more primitive types: there is the maze-like medley, “Bright Sparkles,” one phrase of which heads “The Black Belt”; the Easter carol, “Dust, Dust and Ashes”; the dirge, “My Mother’s Took Her Flight and Gone Home”; and that burst of melody hovering over “The Passing of the Firstborn”⁠—“I Hope My Mother Will Be There in That Beautiful World on High.”

These represent a third step in the development of the slave song, of which “You May Bury Me in the East” is the first, and songs like “March On” (Chapter VI) and “Steal Away” are the second. The first is African music, the second Afro-American, while the third is a blending of Negro music with the music heard in the foster land. The result is still distinctively Negro and the method of blending original, but the elements are both Negro and Caucasian. One might go further and find a fourth step in this development, where the songs of white America have been distinctively influenced by the slave songs or have incorporated whole phrases of Negro melody, as “Swanee River” and “Old Black Joe.” Side by side, too, with the growth has gone the debasements and imitations⁠—the Negro “minstrel” songs, many of the “gospel” hymns, and some of the contemporary “coon” songs⁠—a mass of music in which the novice may easily lose himself and never find the real Negro melodies.

In these songs, I have said, the slave spoke to the world. Such a message is naturally veiled and half articulate. Words and music have lost each other and new and cant phrases of a dimly understood theology have displaced the older sentiment. Once in a while