Chess and Checkers: The Way to Mastership - Edward Lasker (good novels to read in english .TXT) 📗

studied. White is a pawn ahead, but as demonstrated on the position of Diagram 15 he cannot queen his passed Pawn because his King is not in front of it. On the other hand, there cannot possibly be any advantage in advancing the Pawns on the other side of the board as there Black has the same number of Pawns as White and consequently there is no reason why one of the white Pawns should succeed in breaking through. It is all the same very easy for White to win and the strategy to be employed will be evident from the following consideration: Black’s King is considerably confined in his movements as he has to be constantly watching White’s passed Pawn.

+–––––––––––––+

8 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

7 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

6 | | | | | | |#P | |

|–––––––––––––|

5 | | | #K | | | #P | | |

|–––––––––––––|

4 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

3 | | ^P | | | | ^P | | |

|–––––––––––––|

2 | | | ^K | | | | ^P | |

|–––––––––––––|

1 | | | | | | | | |

+–––––––––––––+

a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 16.

White’s King, however, is free to go wherever he likes without any immediate danger. There is consequently nothing to hinder him attacking and capturing the black Pawns, for if Black’s King tries to stop White’s advance, White’s passed Pawn marches on and compels the opposing King to catch him, thereby giving the way free to his own King. According to this scheme play could proceed like this: (1) K-d3, K-d5; (2) K-e3, K-e5; (3) P-b4, P-g5; (4) P-b5, K-d5; (5) P-b6, K-c6; (6) K-d4, Kxb6; (7) K-e5, P-f4; (8) K-f5, K-c6; (9) Kxg5, K-d6; (10) Kxf4, K-e6; (11) K-g5, K-f7. Now White would win even without the Pawn g2 by playing (12) K-f5 and so on as explained on Diagram 15.

From the foregoing it will be clear to the beginner that if a player succeeds in winning a Pawn he can win the game if he is able to exchange all pieces so that only the Pawns are left. However, he will not yet see the way in which this exchange of pieces can be forced. It is evident that the player who has lost the Pawn will try to avoid the exchange, hoping that he may be able to regain the Pawn with his pieces. Therefore, he will permit his opponent an exchange only if, in avoiding it, he would sustain an additional loss. The position of Diagram 17 offers a simple example. White on the move will play R-e5, offering the exchange of Rooks. If Black tried to avoid the exchange by playing R-b6, White would capture the Pawn f5 with the Rook and after Black’s King moves out of check he would take the Pawn g4 too. Therefore Black has to make the offered exchange of Rooks, and White then wins by advancing the c-Pawn which forces Black’s King over to the Queen’s wing and leaves the Pawns of the King’s wing unprotected.

+–––––––––––––+

8 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

7 | | #P | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

6 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

5 | | #R | | | | #P | | #K |

|–––––––––––––|

4 | | ^P | | | | ^K | #P | ^P |

|–––––––––––––|

3 | | | ^P | | | | ^P | |

|–––––––––––––|

2 | | | | | ^R | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

1 | | | | | | | | |

+–––––––––––––+

a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 17.

The beginner might think that inasmuch as the loss of a Pawn in most cases means the loss of the game on account of the final promotion of the Pawn to the Queen, it may be advisable to sacrifice a piece if thereby the loss of a Pawn can be avoided. However, this idea, which is frequently met, is altogether wrong as the additional piece will easily enable the opponent to gain as many Pawns as he likes within the further course of the game. The position of Diagram 18 may serve as an example.

+–––––––––––––+

8 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

7 | #P | #P | #P | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

6 | | | | | | | #P | #K |

|–––––––––––––|

5 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

4 | #B | | | | | ^K | ^P | |

|–––––––––––––|

3 | | | | ^Kt| | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

2 | ^P | ^P | | | ^B | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

1 | | | | | | | | |

+–––––––––––––+

a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 18.

In the following line of play it is assumed that Black makes the best moves, but the method employed is the same for any defensive maneuvers which Black might try, with the only difference that White would win still more quickly. (1) Kt-c5, B-c6; (2) B-f3, Bxf3; (3) Kxf3, P-b6; (4) Kt-e6, P-c5; (5) P-a4. This move retains the black Pawns so that the Knight can attack them with better effect. (5) …, P-c4; (6) Kt-c7, K-g7; (7) Kt-b5, P-a6; (8) Kt-d6, K-f6; (9) Ktxc4, P-b5; (10) Pxb5, Pxb5; (n) Kt-a3, P-b4; (12) Kt-c2, P-b3; (13) Kt-d4, etc.

Often it happens that a player can give up his additional piece to advantage for one or two Pawns thereby enforcing an ending which is won on account of the Pawn position. Diagram 19 is an example.

+–––––––––––––+

8 | | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

7 | | | | | | | #P | |

|–––––––––––––|

6 | | | | | #B | | | #K |

|–––––––––––––|

5 | ^P | | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

4 | | ^Kt| | | | ^K | ^P | |

|–––––––––––––|

3 | ^Kt| #P | | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

2 | | | #P | | | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

1 | | | | | | | | |

+–––––––––––––+

a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 19.

Black is a piece down but his two connected passed Pawns constitute a dangerous threat. White, therefore, does best to sacrifice a Knight for the two Pawns, as he then remains with two Pawns against one. Black must finally give up his Bishop for White’s a-Pawn who threatens to queen, and then White wins by capturing Black’s g-Pawn and queening his own. Play might proceed as follows: (1) Ktxc2, Pxc2; (2) Ktxc2, B-d5; (3) Kt-b4, B-a8; (4) P-a6, K-g6; (5) P-a7, K-f6; (6) Kt-a6, K-e7; (7) Kt-c7, B-h1; (8) P-a8 (Queen), Bxa8; (9) Ktxa8, K-f6; (10) Kt-c7, K-g6; (11) Kt-d5, K-h6; (12) K-f5, K-h7; (13) K-g5, K-h8; (14) K-g6, K-g8; (15) Kt-e7+, K-h8; (16) Kt-f5, K-g8; (17) Ktxg7, K-h8; (18) K-f7, K-h7; (19) P-g5, K-h8; (20) Kt-f5, White could not play P-g6, as Black would have been stalemate. (20) …, K-h7; (21) P-g6+, K-h8; (22) P-g7+, K-h7; (23) P-g8 (Queen) mate.

The game endings discussed up to now have illustrated the method of winning with a superior force and it is now possible for the beginner to understand that the leading rule for all maneuvers is to AVOID THE LOSS OF MATERIAL—no matter how small—as it will ultimately lead to the loss of the game by one pawn or the other queening.

The next step will be to find out under what conditions it is possible to gain a man and when it will be possible to avoid loss. To understand the attacking and defensive maneuvers involved it is necessary first to become acquainted with the different ways in which the various pieces can be made to do some useful work, where their strength lies and where their weakness, and how they are able to cooperate. Not before all this is clear to the beginner—in the outlines at least—will he be in a position to play a sensible game or even to understand the most elementary strategic principles.

The reader is therefore urged to study carefully the next chapter in which the characteristic features of the different men are discussed. In this way he will much more quickly arrive at a fair playing strength than by relying on the experience which he may gain in playing a great number of games, trying to find out everything for himself instead of profiting by the knowledge which has been gathered by others in centuries of study.

 

HOW THE DIFFERENT MEN COOPERATE

 

There are two kinds of elementary attack. One when a single man attacks two or more hostile men at the same time; the other when more men are brought up to attack an opposing man than can be mustered for defense. The beginner, as a rule, makes attacks with the sole aim of driving away a hostile piece; it is clear that these attempts will in most cases be futile as they generally allow the attacked piece to move to another square just as or perhaps more favorable. The advantage of attacking two men at once is evident in that probably only one of them can be saved. The advantage of bringing up more men for attack than can be gathered for defense is not less obvious, but will be found more difficult to carry out. Using both methods of attack in conjunction is the secret of the successful cooperation of the men.

In the following diagrams simple illustrations are shown of elementary cases of such attacks. These positions often occur in games of beginners on account of their placing the men on unfavorable squares. In studying them the eye of the beginner will become accustomed to dangerous formations of the pieces and he will be able to foresee similar threats in his games.

+–––––––––––––+

8 | #R | | | | #K | | #Kt| #R |

|–––––––––––––|

7 | #P | #B | #P | | #B | #P | #P | #P |

|–––––––––––––|

6 | | #P | #Kt| #P | | #Q | | |

|–––––––––––––|

5 | | | | | #P | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

4 | | | ^B | | ^P | | | |

|–––––––––––––|

3 | | | ^Kt| ^P | ^B | ^Kt| | |

|–––––––––––––|

2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | | | ^P | ^P | ^P |

|–––––––––––––|

1 | ^R | | | ^Q | | ^R | ^K | |

+–––––––––––––+

a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 20.

This is especially true of the mating positions which are discussed below in connection with attacks instituted by the Queen in the middle of the game. It is these attacks to which the beginner at an early stage of the game falls victim in ninety out of a hundred cases when playing against an experienced opponent.

In the position of Diagram 20 White on the move wins the exchange and thereby practically the game by playing (1) Kt-d5. With this move he attacks the Queen and at the same time the Pawn c7. Black, in order not to lose the Queen, must move her, but he cannot move her so that she will protect the Pawn c7.

+–––––––––––––+

8 | #R | #Kt| #B | | #K | #B | | #R |

|–––––––––––––|

7 | #P | #P | #P | | | #P | #P | #P |

|–––––––––––––|

6