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6. US Continental Congress, Papers, 1:36, folio 65; US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 16:234.

7. Washington, Writings, 18:163.

8. Washington, Writings, 18:164.

9. Jared Sparks, The Writings of George Washington: Being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and Other Papers, Official and Private, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts with a Life of the Author, Notes, and Illustrations (Boston: American Stationers’ Company, John B. Russell, 1834), 6:494; Washington, Writings, 18:178–79.

10. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 16:316; Washington, Writings, 18:178.

11. Elizabeth S. Kite, Brigadier-General Louis Lebègue Duportail, Commandant of Engineers in the Continental Army, 1777–1783 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933), 171.

12. George Washington, The Writings of George Washington, pt. 2, Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2012), 7:26.

13. See Jared Sparks, ed., Correspondence of the American Revolution: Being Letters of Eminent Men to George Washington, from the Time of His Taking Command of the Army to the End of His Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1853), 450–53.

14. Samuel Huntington to George Washington, in Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères: Correspondance politique, États-Unis 13, supplement, folio 107; Elizabeth S. Kite, “General Washington and the French Engineers Duportail and Companions,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 44, no. 1 (March 1932): 40–41; Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 15, April 1, 1780–August 31, 1780; US Continental Congress, Papers, item 164, folios 350–53; US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 17:609–10; Paul K. Walker, Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Washington, DC: Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1981), 277–79. The last two paragraphs are not given in the translation conserved in the Papers of the Continental Congress. They are made from the French copy sent to Luzerne.

15. Kite, “General Washington,” 41.

16. Kite, “General Washington,” 41; Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères: Correspondance politique, États-Unis 12, folio 247.

17. Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères 13, folio 117.

18. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 17:609.

19. Washington, Writings, 19:249.

20. Washington, Writings, 19:234. The letter written by Robert Hanson Harrison was read in Congress on July 26 and referred to the Board of War. It was endorsed, “Nothing to be done by the Board.” The three enclosures mentioned are filed with this letter from Washington in the Papers of the Continental Congress.

21. Washington, Writings, 20:69, 20:243, 20:269.

22. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 17:609–10; Washington, Writings, 19:234, 19:249–50, 20:69, 20:243, 20:268–69, 20:315, 20:323.

23. Sparks, Writings, 7:290.

24. Sparks, Writings, 7:323.

25. Washington, Writings, 20:323.

26. Balfour to William Moultrie, February 8, 1781, in William Moultrie, Memoirs of the American Revolution, So Far as It Related to the States of North and South Carolina, and Georgia, Eyewitness Accounts of the American Revolution (New York: David Longworth, 1802); Nathanael Greene, The Papers of General Nathanael Greene, ed. Richard K. Showman, Margaret Cobb, Robert E. McCarthy, Joyce Boulind, Noel P. Conlon, and Nathaniel N. Shipton (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, for the Rhode Island Historical Society, 1976), 6:471n. The report that Duportail brought was correct.

27. Greene, Papers, 7:189.

CHAPTER 6

1. US Continental Congress et al., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1904), 4:61.

2. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 8:539.

3. Paul K. Walker, Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Washington, DC: Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1981), 34–36; George Washington, The Papers of George Washington, ed. Philander D. Chase, Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985), 13:262–66.

4. “Louis Duportail to the President of Congress, November 13, 1777,” and “Louis Duportail to the President of Congress, Camp White plaines, 27th’ August 1778,” in US Continental Congress, Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (Washington, DC: National Archives, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1985), roll 51; Walker, Engineers of Independence; Washington, Papers, 13:262–63.

5. Washington, Papers, 16:439.

6. Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, Rosemary Fry Plakas, and Eugene R. Sheridan, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 9, February 1–May 31, 1778 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1982), 106n8; US Continental Congress et al., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1904), 13:57–58.

7. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 21:1120.

8. US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 13:305–6; Washington, Papers, 19:266–67, 19:278, 19:695.

9. Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, and Ronald M. Gephart, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 12, February 1–May 31, 1779 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1985), 463; US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 14:570–71; Walker, Engineers of Independence. See also Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, 9:722–23.

10. Washington, Papers, 20:421, 535. For the nomination of these men and their eventual appointment, see “General Orders, 13 March,” and n2 to that document.

11. George Washington, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799: Prepared under the Direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and Published by Authority of Congress, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1931), 15:491.

12. Washington, Writings, 15:491–92.

13. “Louis Duportail to Joseph Reed, President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, West point, 10th September, 1779.” See Du Portail to President Reed, West Point September 10, 1779, Pennsylvania Archives, 1st ser., 7:690–91; Walker, Engineers of Independence, chap. 2, n11, n12.

14. Founders Online, “To George Washington from Captain William McMurray et al., 26 May 1780,” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-26-02-0130.

15. Founders Online, “From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 27 January 1780,” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-24-02-0227; Washington, Writings, 17:444.

16. US Continental Congress, Papers, vol. 4, no. 147, folio 97; US Continental Congress et al., Journals, 17:133, Monday, February 7, 1780; Washington, Writings, 17:443–45.

17. Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères: Correspondance politique, États-Unis, 10:39; Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, Rosemary Fry Plakas, and Eugene R. Sheridan, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 14, October 1, 1779–March 31, 1780 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1987), 484; US Continental Congress, Papers, item 95, 1:76–83; Washington, Papers, 11:493–94.

18. Washington, Writings, 22:124–25, 22:127, 22:143.

19.