The Art of War - Zi Sun (knowledgeable books to read .txt) 📗

in number, that shall advantage

them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then

that victory can be achieved.

 

22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may

prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover

his plans and the likelihood of their success.

 

23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his

activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself,

so as to find out his vulnerable spots.

 

24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own,

so that you may know where strength is superabundant

and where it is deficient.

25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch

you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions,

and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,

from the machinations of the wisest brains.

 

26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s

own tactics—that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.

 

27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer,

but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory

is evolved.

 

28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained

you one victory, but let your methods be regulated

by the infinite variety of circumstances.

 

29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its

natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.

 

30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong

and to strike at what is weak.

 

31. Water shapes its course according to the nature

of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works

out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.

 

32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape,

so in warfare there are no constant conditions.

 

33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his

opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called

a heaven-born captain.

 

34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)

are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make

way for each other in turn. There are short days and long;

the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.

 

VII. MANEUVERING

 

1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his

commands from the sovereign.

 

2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces,

he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof

before pitching his camp.

3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering,

than which there is nothing more difficult.

The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists

in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.

 

4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route,

after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting

after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him,

shows knowledge of the artifice of DEVIATION.

 

5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous;

with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.

 

6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order

to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be

too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column

for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage

and stores.

 

7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their

buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day

or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,

doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,

the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into

the hands of the enemy.

 

8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded

ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth

of your army will reach its destination.

 

9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver

the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,

and only half your force will reach the goal.

 

10. If you march thirty LI with the same object,

two-thirds of your army will arrive.

 

11. We may take it then that an army without its

baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;

without bases of supply it is lost.

 

12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are

acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.

 

13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march

unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its

mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,

its marshes and swamps.

 

14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage

to account unless we make use of local guides.

 

15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.

 

16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops,

must be decided by circumstances.

 

17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,

your compactness that of the forest.

18. In raiding and plundering be like fire,

is immovability like a mountain.

 

19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,

and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.

 

20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be

divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,

cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.

 

21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.

 

22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice

of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.

 

23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field

of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:

hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary

objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution

of banners and flags.

 

24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means

whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused

on one particular point.

 

25. The host thus forming a single united body,

is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,

or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art

of handling large masses of men.

 

26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires

and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,

as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.

 

27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;

a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.

 

28. Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning;

by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,

his mind is bent only on returning to camp.

 

29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when

its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish

and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.

30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance

of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:—this is the art

of retaining self-possession.

 

31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still

far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is

toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy

is famished:—this is the art of husbanding one’s strength.

32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose

banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking

an army drawn up in calm and confident array:—this

is the art of studying circumstances.

 

33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill

against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.

 

34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight;

do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.

 

35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy.

Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.

 

36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free.

Do not press a desperate foe too hard.

 

37. Such is the art of warfare.

 

VIII. VARIATION IN TACTICS

 

1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives

his commands from the sovereign, collects his army

and concentrates his forces

 

2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country

where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.

Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions.

In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem.

In desperate position, you must fight.

 

3. There are roads which must not be followed,

armies which must be not attacked, towns which must

not be besieged, positions which must not be contested,

commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.

4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages

that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle

his troops.

 

5. The general who does not understand these, may be well

acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he

will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.

 

6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art

of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted

with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use

of his men.

 

7. Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of

advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.

 

8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in

this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential

part of our schemes.

 

9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties

we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate

ourselves from misfortune.

10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage

on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them

constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements,

and make them rush to any given point.

 

11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the

likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness

to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking,

but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.

 

12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect

a general:

(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;

(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;

(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;

(4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;

(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him

to worry and trouble.

 

13. These are the five besetting sins of a general,

ruinous to the conduct of war.

 

14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain,

the cause will surely be found among these five

dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.

 

IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH

 

1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of

encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.

Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood

of valleys.

 

2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb

heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.

 

3. After crossing a river, you should get far away

from it.

 

4. When an invading force crosses a river in its

onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream.

It will be best to let half the army get across,

and then deliver your attack.

 

5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go

to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.

 

6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing

the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.

So much for river warfare.

7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern

should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.

 

8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should

have water and grass near you, and get your back

to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.

 

9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible

position with rising ground to your right and on your rear,

so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind.

So much for campaigning in flat country.

 

10. These are