A Study of Poetry - Bliss Perry (best self help books to read .txt) 📗

class="calibre1">Nothing could be more gallantly frank than the phrase “unrelated beauty.” For it serves as a touchstone to distinguish between those imagist poems which leave us satisfied and those which do not. Sometimes, assuredly, the insulated, unrelated beauty is enough. What delicate reticence there is in Richard Aldington’s “Summer”:

 

“A butterfly,

Black and scarlet,

Spotted with white,

Fans its wings

Over a privet flower.

 

“A thousand crimson foxgloves,

Tall bloody pikes,

Stand motionless in the gravel quarry;

The wind runs over them.

 

“A rose film over a pale sky

Fantastically cut by dark chimneys;

Across an old city garden.”

The imagination asks no more.

Now read my friend Baker Brownell’s “Sunday Afternoon”:

 

“The wind pushes huge bundles

Of itself in warm motion

Through the barrack windows;

It rattles a sheet of flypaper

Tacked in a smear of sunshine on the sill.

A voice and other voices squirt

A slow path among the room’s tumbled sounds.

A ukelele somewhere clanks

In accidental jets

Up from the room’s background.”

Here the stark truthfulness of the images does not prevent an instinctive “Well, what of it?” “And afterward, what else?” Unless we adopt the Japanese theory of “stop poems,” where the implied continuation of the mood, the suggested application of the symbol or allegory, is the sole justification of the actual words given, a great deal of imagist verse, in my opinion, serves merely to sharpen the senses without utilizing the full imaginative powers of the mind. The making of images is an essential portion of the poet’s task, but in memorably great poetry it is only a detail in a larger whole. Miss Lowell’s “Patterns” is one of the most effective of contemporary poems, but it is far more than a document of imagism. It is a triumph of structural imagination.

 

7. Genius and Inspiration

Whatever may be the value, for students, of trying to analyse the image-making and image-combining faculty, every one admits that it is a necessary element in the production of poetry. Let Coleridge have the final statement of this mystery of his art: “The power of reducing multitude into unity of effect, and modifying a series of thoughts by some one predominant thought or feeling, may be cultivated and improved, but can never be learnt. It is in this that Poeta nascitur non fit.” We cannot avoid the difficulties of the question by attributing the poet’s imagination to “genius.” Whether genius is a neurosis, as some think, or whether it is sanity at perfection, makes little difference here. Both a Poe and a Sophocles are equally capable of producing ideal syntheses. Nor does the old word “inspiration” help much either. Whatever we mean by inspiration—a something not ourselves, supernatural or sub-liminal—a “vision” of Blake, the “voices” of Joan of Arc, the “god” that moved within the Corybantian revelers—it is an excitement of the image-making faculty, and not that faculty itself. Disordered “genius” and inspiration undisciplined by reason are alike powerless to produce images that permanently satisfy the sense of beauty. Tolstoy’s common-sense remark is surely sound: “One’s writing is good only where the intelligence and the imagination are in equilibrium. As soon as one of them over-balances the other, it’s all up.” [Footnote: Compare W. A. Neilson’s chapter on “The Balance of Qualities” in Essentials of Poetry. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1912.]

 

8. A Summary

Let us now endeavor to summarize this testimony which we have taken from poets and critics. Though they do not agree in all details, and though they often use words that are either too vague or too highly specialized, the general drift of the testimony is fairly clear. Poets and critics agree that the imagination is something different from the mere memory-image; that by a process of selection and combination and representation of images something really new comes into being, and that we are therefore justified in using the term constructive, or creative imagination. This imagination embodies, as we say, or “bodies forth,” as Duke Theseus said, “the forms of things unknown.” It ultimately becomes the poet’s task to “shape” these forms with his “pen,” that is to say, to suggest them through word-symbols, arranged in a certain fashion. The selection of these word-symbols will be discussed in Chapter IV, and their rhythmical arrangement in Chapter V. But we have tried in the present chapter to trace the functioning of the poetic imagination in those stages of its activity which precede the definite shaping of poems with the pen. If we say, with Professor Fairchild, [Footnote: Making of Poetry, p. 34.] that “the central processes or kinds of activity involved in the making of poetry are three: personalizing, combining and versifying,” it is obvious that we have been dealing with the first two. If we prefer to use the famous terms employed by Ruskin in Modern Painters, we have been considering the penetrative, associative and contemplative types of imagination. But these Ruskinian names, however brilliantly and suggestively employed by the master, are dangerous tools for the beginner in the study of poetry.

If the beginner desires to review, at this point, the chief matters brought to his attention in the present chapter, he may make a real test of their validity by opening his senses to the imagery of a few lines of poetry. Remember that poets are endeavoring to convey the “sense” of things rather than the knowledge of things. Disregard for the moment the precise words employed in the following lines, and concentrate the attention upon the images, as if the image were not made of words at all, but were mere naked sense-stimulus.

In this line the poet is trying to make us see something (“visual” image):

 

“The bride hath paced into the hall,

Red as a rose is she.”

Can you see her?

In these lines the poet is trying to make us hear something (“auditory” image):

 

“A noise like of a hidden brook

In the leafy month of June

That to the _sleeping woods all night

Singeth a quiet tune_.”

Do you hear the tune? Do you hear it as clearly as you can hear

 

“_The tambourines

Jing-jing-jingled in the hands of Queens_”?

In these lines the poet is trying to make us feel certain bodily sensations (“tactile” image):

 

“I closed my lids and kept them close,

And the balls like pulses beat;

For the sky and the sea and the sea and the sky,

Lay like a load on my weary eye,

And the dead were at my feet.”

Do your eyes feel that pressure?

You are sitting quite motionless in your chair as you read these lines (“motor” image):

 

“I sprang to the stirrup, and Joris, and he;

I galloped, Dirck galloped, we galloped all three!”

Are you instantly on horseback? If you are, the poet has put you there by conveying from his mind to yours, through the use of verbal imagery and rhythm, his “sense” of riding, which has now become your sense of riding.

If the reader can meet this test of realizing simple images through his own body-and-mind reaction to their stimulus, the door of poetry is open to him. He can enter into its limitless enjoyments. If he wishes to analyse more closely the nature of the pleasure which poetry affords, he may select any lines he happens to like, and ask himself how the various functions of the imagination are illustrated by them. Suppose the lines are Coleridge’s description of the bridal procession, already quoted in part:

 

“The bride hath paced into the hall,

Red as a rose is she;

Nodding their heads before her goes

The merry minstrelsy.”

Here surely is imagination penetrative; the selection of some one characteristic trait of the object; that trait (the “redness” or the “nodding”) represented to us, and emphasized by conferring, modifying or abstracting whatever elements the poet wishes to stress or to suppress. The result is a combination of imagery which forms an idealized picture, presenting the shows of things as the mind would like to see them and thus satisfying our sense of beauty. For there is no question that the mind takes a supreme satisfaction in such an idealization of reality as Coleridge’s picture of the swift tropical sunset,

 

“At one stride comes the dark,”

or Emerson’s picture of the slow New England sunrise,

 

“O tenderly the haughty day

Fills his blue urn with fire.”

Little has been said about beauty in this chapter, but no one doubts that a sense of beauty guides the “shaping spirit of imagination” in that dim region through which the poet feels his way before he comes to the conscious choice of expressive words and to the ordering of those words into beautiful rhythmical designs.