Influences of Geographic Environment - Ellen Churchill Semple (libby ebook reader .TXT) 📗

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Fusion by deported and military colonies. Withdrawal and flight. Dispersal in flight. Natural regions of retreat. Emigration and colonization. Commerce. Commerce a guide to various movements. Movements due to religion. Religious pilgrimages. Historical movement and race distribution. Migrations in relation to zones and heat belts. Range of movements in Asia. Range of movements in Africa. Colonization and latitude. Movement to like geographic conditions. Movement to better geographic conditions. Southward and westward drifts in the northern hemisphere. Eastward movements. Return movements. Regions of attraction and repulsion. Psychical influences in certain movements. Results of historical movement. Differentiation and area. Contrasted environments. Two-type populations. Differentiation and isolation. Differentiation and digression. Geographic conditions of heterogeneity and homgeneity. Differentiation versus assimilation. Elimination by historical movement. No new ethnic types. Checks to differentiation. Geographical origins. Large centers of dispersion. Small centers. Tests of origin. Chapter V—Geographical Location Importance of geographical location. Content of the term location. Intercontinental location. Natural versus vicinal location. Naturally defined location. Vicinal location. Vicinal groups of similar or diverse race and culture. Thalassic vicinal location. Complementary locations. Types of location. Continuous and scattered location. Central versus peripheral location. Danger of central location. Mutual relations between center and periphery. Inland and coastward expansion. Russian expansion in Asia. Periphery as goal of expansion. Reaction between center and periphery. Periphery of colonization. Dominant historical side. The Mediterranean side of Europe. Change of historical front. Contrasted historical sides. One-sided historical relations. Scattered location due to geographic conditions. Island way station on maritime routes. Scattered location of primitive tribes. Ethnic islands of expansion. Political islands of expansion. Ethnic islands of survival. Discontinuous distribution. Contrasted location. Geographical polarity. Geographical marks of growth. Marks of inland expansion. Marks of decline. Interpretation of scattered and marginal location. Prevalence of ethnic islands of decline. Contrast between ethnic islands of growth and decline. Chapter VI—Geographical Area The size of the earth. Relation of area to life. The struggle for space. Area an index of social and political development. The Oikoumene. Unity of the human species in the relation to the earth. Isolation and differentiation. Monotonous race type of small area. Wide race distribution and inner diversities. Area and language. Large area a guarantee of racial or national permanence. Weakness of small states. Contrast of large and small areas in bio-geography. Political domination of large areas. Area and literature. Small geographic base of primitive societies. Influence of small confined areas. The process of territorial growth. Area and growth. Historical advance from small to large areas. Gradations in area and in development. Preliminaries to ethnic and political expansion. Significance of sphere of activity or influence. Nature of expansion in new and old countries. Relation of ethnic to political expansion. Relation of people and state to political boundary. Expansion of civilization. Cultural advantages of large political area. Politico-economic advantages. Political area and the national horizon. National estimates of area. Estimates of area in small maritime states. Limitations of small territorial conceptions. Evolution of territorial policies. Colonial expansion. The mind of colonials. Colonials as road builders. Practical bent of colonials. Chapter VII—Geographical Boundaries The boundary zone in nature. Gradations in the boundary zone. Oscillating boundaries Altitude boundary zones. 'Wallace's Line' a typical boundary zone. Boundaries as limits of movements or expansion. Peoples as barriers. Boundary zone as index of growth or decline. Breadth of the boundary zone. The broad frontier zone of active expansion. Economic factors in expanding frontiers. Value of barrier boundaries. The sea as the absolute boundary Natural boundaries as bases of ethnic and political boundaries. Primitive waste boundaries. Border wastes of Indian lands. Alien intrusions into border wastes. Politico-economic significance of the waste boundary. Common boundary districts. Tariff free zones. Boundary zones of mingled race elements. Ethnic border zones in the Alps. The Slav-German boundary. Assimilation of culture in boundary zones. Boundary zones of assimilation in Asia. Boundary zones of mountain Tibet. Relation of ethnic and cultural assimilation. The boundary zone in political expansion. Tendency toward defection along political frontiers. Centrifugal forces on the frontier. The spirit of colonial frontiers. Free border states as political survivals. Guardians of the marches. Border nomads as frontier police. Lawless citizens deported to frontiers. Drift of lawless elements to the frontiers. Asylums beyond the border. Border refugees and ethnic mingling. Chapter VIII—Coast Peoples The coast a zone of transition. Width of coastal zones. The inner edge. Inner edge as head of sea navigation. Shifting of the inner edge. Artificial extension of inner edge. Outer edge in original settlement. Outer edge in early navigation. Outer edge and piracy. Outer edge in colonization. Inland advance of colonies. Interpenetration of land and sea. Ratio of shoreline to area. Criticism of this formula. Accessibility of coasts from hinterland. Mountain-barred hinterlands. Accessible hinterlands. Accessibility of coasts from the sea. Embayed coasts. Maritime activity on steep embayed coasts. Contrasted coastal belts. Evolution of ports. Offshore islands. Offshore islands as vestibules of the mainland. Previous habitat of coast-dwellers. Habitability of coasts as factor in maritime development. Geographic conditions for brilliant maritime development. Soil of coastlands as factor. Barren coast of fertile hinterland. Ethnic contrast between coast and interior peoples. Ethnic contrasts in the Pacific islands. Ethnic contrasts in the Americas. Older ethnic stock in coastlands. Ethnic amalgamations in coastlands. Multiplicity of race elements on coasts. Lingua franca of coasts. Coast-dwellers as middlemen. Monopoly of trade with the hinterland. Differentiation of coast from inland people. Early civilization of coasts. Retarded coastal peoples. Cultural contrast of coast and interior. Progress from thalassic to oceanic coasts. Geographic location of coasts. Intermediate location between contrasted coasts. Historical decline of certain coasts. Political factors in this decline. Physical causes of decline. Interplay of geographic factors in coastlands. Chapter IX—Oceans And Enclosed Seas The water a factor in man's mobility. Oceans and seas in universal history. The sea in universal history. Origin of navigation. Primitive forms. Primitive craft in arid lands. Relation of the river to marine navigation. Retarded navigation. Regions of advanced navigation. Geographic conditions in Polynesia. Mediterranean versus Atlantic seamanship. Three geographic stages of maritime development. Influence of enclosed seas upon navigation. Enclosed seas as areas of ethnic and cultural assimilation. North Sea and Baltic basins. Bering Sea. Red Sea basin. Assimilation facilitated by ethnic kinship. Chinese expansion seaward. Importance of zonal and continental location. Thalassic character of the Indian Ocean. The sea route to the Orient. Limitation of small area in enclosed seas. Successive maritime periods in history. Contrasted historical rôles of northern and southern hemispheres. Size of the oceans Neutrality of the seas, its evolution. Chapter X—Man's Relation To The Water Protection of a water frontier. Ancient pile villages. Present distribution. Malayan pile dwellings. In Melanesia. River dwellers in populous lands. Reclamation of land from the sea. The struggle with the water. Mound villages in river flood-plains. Diking of rivers. Social gain by control of the water. Control of water as factor in early civilizations of arid lands. Cultural areas in primitive America. Economy of the water: fisheries. Fisheries as factors in maritime expansion. Fisheries as nurseries of seamen. Anthropo-geographic importance of navigation. Chapter XI—The Anthropo-Geography Of Rivers Rivers as intermediaries between land and sea. Sea navigation merges into river navigation. Historical importance of seas and oceans influenced by their debouching streams. Baltic and White Sea rivers. Atlantic and Pacific rivers. Lack of coast articulations supplied by rivers. River highways as basis of commercial preeminence. Importance of rivers in large countries.