Influences of Geographic Environment - Ellen Churchill Semple (libby ebook reader .TXT) 📗

sea environment shows that these are multiform, and that none are negligible; it takes into consideration the extent, fertility, and relief of the littoral, its accessibility from the land as well as from the sea, and its location in regard to outlying islands and to opposite shores, whether near or far; it holds in view not only the small articulations that give the littoral ready contact with the sea, but the relation of the seaboard to the larger continental articulations, whether it lies on an outrunning spur of a continental mass, like the Malacca, Yemen, or Peloponnesian coast, or upon a retiring inlet that brings it far into the heart of a continent, and provides it with an extensive hinterland; and, finally, it never ignores the nature of the bordering sea, which furnishes the school of seamanship and fixes the scope of maritime enterprise.

All these various elements of coastal environment are further differentiated in their use and their influence according to the purposes of those who come to tenant such tide-washed rims of the land. Pirates seek intricate channels and hidden inlets for their lairs; a merchant people select populous harbors and navigable river mouths; would-be colonists settle upon fertile valleys opening into quiet bays, till their fields, and use their coasts for placid maritime trade with the mother country; interior peoples, pushed or pushing out to the tidal periphery of their continent, with no maritime history behind them, build their fishing villages on protected lagoons, and, unless the shadowy form of some outlying island lure them farther, there they tarry, deaf to the siren song of the sea.

NOTES TO CHAPTER VIII

412.

Rudolph Reinhard, Die Wichtigsten Deutschen Seehandelstädte, pp. 24, 25. Stuttgart, 1901. Joseph Partsch, Central Europe, p. 291. London, 1903.

413.

Ibid, p. 301.

414.

John Richard Green, The Making of England, Vol. I, pp. 51-54; maps, pp. 36 and 54. London, 1904.

415.

Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 12, 63; maps pp. xxii and 54.

416.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 98, 139. London, 1896-1898.

417.

Joseph Partsch, Central Europe, pp. 284-288. London, 1903.

418.

H. B. Mill, International Geography, p. 251. New York, 1902.

419.

Rudolph Reinhard, Die Wichtigsten Deutschen Seehandelstädte, pp. 21-22. Stuttgart, 1901.

420.

Fitz-Roy and Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Vol. II, pp. 140, 178; Vol. III, pp. 231-236. London, 1839.

421.

Eleventh Census, Population and Resources of Alaska, pp. 166-171. Washington, 1893.

422.

Nordenskiold, The Voyage of the Vega, pp. 327, 334, 335, 365, 366, 412, 416, 459, 467. New York, 1882.

423.

G. Frederick Wright, Greenland Icefields, pp. 68-70, 100, 105. New York, 1896. For Eskimo of Hudson Bay and Baffin Land, see F. Boas, The Central Eskimo, pp. 419, 420, 460-462. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1888.

424.

Bella Gallico, Book III, chap. 12.

425.

Ernst Curtius, History of Greece, Vol. I, p, 15. New York.

426.

Strabo's Geography, Book II, chap. V, 4. Book III, chap. I, 4.

427.

Grote, History of Greece, Vol. III, pp. 266-267. New York, 1857.

428.

Thucydides, Book VI, 2.

429.

Grote, History of Greece, Vol. III, p. 273. New York, 1857.

430.

Strabo's Geography, Book XVII, chap. III, 13, 14.

431.

Thucydides, Book I, 5, 7, 8.

432.

Strabo, Book VIII, chap. VI, 2, 4, 13, 14, 22.

433.

Grote, History of Greece, Vol. III, pp. 4, 191. New York, 1857.

434.

J. Partsch, Central Europe, p. 291. London, 1903.

435.

Rudolph Reinhard, Die Wichtigsten Deutschen Seehandelstädte, p. 23. Stuttgart, 1901.

436.

Grote, History of Greece, Vol. III, p. 273. New York, 1857.

437.

Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography, Vol. II, pp. 452-454, 610. London, 1883. Duarte Barbosa, East Africa and Malabar Coasts in the Sixteenth Century, p. 3-16. Hakluyt Society, London, 1866.

438.

Ernst Curtius, History of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 433-434. New York.

439.

W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, Vol. I, p. 93. Boston, 1899.

440.

Norway, Official Publication, p. 1. Christiania, 1900.

441.

Ratzel, Deutschland, pp. 150-151. Leipzig, 1898.

442.

J. Partsch, Central Europe, pp. 227-230. London, 1903.

443.

Elisée Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants; Europe, Vol. 1, pp. 370-372. New York, 1886.

444.

Ernst Curtius, History of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 15-20. New York.

445.

Heinrich von Treitschke, Politik, Vol. 1, p. 215. Leipzig, 1897.

446.

H. J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, pp. 35, 40. London, 1902.

447.

William Morris Davis, Physical Geography, pp. 115-122. Boston, 1899.

448.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, p. 95. London, 1896-1898.

449.

Strabo, Book XVII, chap. I, 18. Diodorus Siculus, Book I, chap. III, p. 36. London, 1814.

450.

J. Partsch, Central Europe, pp. 96-98. London, 1903. Ratzel, Deutschland, pp. 143-144. Leipzig, 1898.

451.

For geomorphology of coasts, see William Morris Davis, Physical Geography, pp. 112-136, 347-383. Boston, 1899.

452.

Elisée Reclus, Europe, Vol. II, p, 252. New York, 1886.

453.

J. Partsch, Central Europe, p. 231. London, 1903.

454.

G. G. Chisholm, Commercial Geography, pp. 44, 446. London, 1904.

455.

H.R. Mill, International Geography, p. 1012. New York, 1902. Hereford George, Historical Geography of the British Empire, pp. 278-279. London, 1904.

456.

J.E. Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 123-124. New York, 1884.

457.

H.R. Mill, International Geography, p. 148. New York, 1902.

458.

Diodorus Siculus, Book V, chap. I, p. 304. London, 1814. Strabo, Book V, chap. VI, 6, 7.

459.

Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. I, pp. 188-189, 193-195. New York, 1902-1906.

460.

Strabo, Book XVI, chap. III, 4, 27. Herodotus, Book I, chap. I; Book VII, chap. 89. J.T. Brent, The Bahrein Islands of the Persian Gulf, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 13-16. London, 1890.

461.

George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, pp. 169-170. New York, 1897.

462.

Ibid., pp. 179, 185, 286.

463.

Ibid., pp. 127-131.

464.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 100-102, 132-145. London, 1896-1898.

465.

H.R. Mill, International Geography, p. 985. New York, 1902.

466.

D.G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, pp. 84, 166. London, 1902.

467.

J. Naken, Die Provinz Kwangtung und ihre Bevölkerung, Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, Vol. 24, pp. 409, 420. 1878. Ferdinand von Richthofen, China, Vol. I, pp. 568-569. Berlin, 1877. Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol. I, p. lxxviii. Hakluyt Society, London, 1866.

468.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, p. 397. London, 1896-1898. Philippine Census, Vol. I, pp. 438, 481-491. Washington, 1905.

469.

Stanford's Australasia, Vol. II, pp. 103, 121, 126-135, 196. London, 1894. Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. II, p. 547. New York, 1902-1906.

470.

Ibid., Vol. III, pp. 431, 434. Vol. II, p. 603.

471.

Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Handels und Gewerbefleisses, pp. 78-79, 99-100. Stuttgart, 1899. Capt. A.T. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon History, pp. 26-28. Boston, 1902.

472.

D.G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, pp. 111-112, 152. London, 1902.

473.

Ibid., pp. 73-74, 139, 267.

474.

Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol. I, p. LXXX. Hakluyt Society. London, 1866. Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. II, p. 548. New York, 1902-1906.

475.

The Book of Ser Marco Polo, edited by Sir Henry Yule, Vol. II, Book III, pp. 284, 288, 303. New York, 1903.

476.

P. Vidal de la Blache, Géographie de la France, pp. 335-337. Paris, 1903.

477.

Elisée Reclus, Europe, Vol. II, p. 252. New York, 1882.

478.

Norway, Official Publication, pp. 89-91, map p. 4. Christiania, 1900.

479.

D.G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, pp. 114, 140, 163-164, 202, 267. London, 1902.

480.

H.F. Tozer, History of Ancient Geography, pp. 276-280. Cambridge, 1897. Strabo, Book XVI, chap. IV, 2, 19.

481.

Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. III, p. 433. New York, 1902-1906.

482.

James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa, pp. 78-82, 99. New York, 1897.

483.

Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars, Vol. I, map p. 80. New York, 1893.

484.

Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. I, pp. 412-413, 481, 464, 562., Washington, 1905.

485.

Ibid., Vol. I, p. 416.

486.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, p. 449. London, 1896-1898.

487.

P. Ehrenreich, Die Eintheilung und Verbreitung der Völkerstämme Brasiliens, Petermanns Mittheilungen, Vol. 37, pp. 88-89. Gotha, 1891. Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. I, p. 185, map p. 189. New York, 1902-1906.

488.

John Richard Green, The Making of England, Vol. I, chap. I. London, 1904.

489.

H. J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, p. 189. London, 1904. W. Z. Ripley, Races of Europe, pp. 312-315, map. New York, 1899.

490.

D. G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, p. 152. London, 1902. W. Z. Ripley, Races of Europe, pp. 402, 404, map. New York, 1899.

491.

Ibid., pp. 117, 404-405, 409-419.

492.

Ibid., pp. 206-208, 210-212. Norway, Official Publication, pp. 80-81. Christiania, 1900.

493.

Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. II, p. 52, map p. 50. Washington, 1905.

494.

Grote, History of Greece, Vol. III, pp. 175-176, 186-189. New York, 1857.

495.

Ernst Curtius, History of Greece, Vol. I, pp. 492-493. New York.

496.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. II, pp. 530-533. London, 1896-1898.

497.

H. D. Trail, Social England, Vol. III, pp. 367-368. London and New York, 1895.

498.

Twelfth Census, Bulletin No. 103, table 23. Washington, 1902.

499.

E. C. Semple, American History and Its Geographic Conditions, pp. 314-328. Boston, 1903.

500.

G. G. Chisholm, Commercial Geography, p. 58. London, 1904.

501.

Roscher, National-Oekonomik des Handels und Gewerbefleisses, p. 85, Note 18. Stuttgart, 1899.

502.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. II, p. 533. London, 1896-1898.

503.

Ibid., Vol. III, pp. 139, 145.

504.

H. R. Mill, International Geography, p. 869. New York, 1902.

505.

D.G. Brinton, The American Race, p. 107. Philadelphia, 1901. H.H. Bancroft, The Native Races, p. 239, footnote p. 274. San Francisco, 1886.

506.

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book VIII, chap. II, 6, 7, 9.

507.

J. Scott Keltie, The Partition of Africa, p. 327. London, 1895. Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 121-122. London, 1896-1898.

508.

Ibid., Vol. III, pp. 121, 132-133.

509.

Ibid., Vol. II, p. 239.

510.

Eleventh Census, Report on Alaska, p. 70. Washington, 1893.

511.

Ibid., p. 156. E.R. Scidmore, Guidebook to Alaska, p. 94. New; York, 1897.

512.

Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. I, pp. 556-561, 575, 581-583. Washington, 1905.

513.

W.Z. Ripley, Races of Europe, pp. 85-86, 99-101, map pp. 151-152. New York, 1899.

514.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 97, 106. New York, 1896-1898.

515.

Henry Gannett, The Peoples of the Philippines, in Report of the Eighth International Geographic Congress, p. 673. Washington, 1904.

516.

A.H. Keane, Africa, Stanford's Compendium, pp. 372-376, 385-388. London, 1895. Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. III, pp. 402, 456-457, 462. New York, 1902-1906.

517.

H.H. Bancroft, The Native Races, Vol. I, pp. 440-441; Vol. III, pp. 325,