Free as in Freedom - Sam Williams (read this if .TXT) 📗

angry with me. He saw unions as corrupt. He was also very opposed to social security. He thought people could make much more money investing it on their own. Who knew that within 10 years he would become so idealistic? All I remember is his stepsister coming to me and saying, `What is he going to be when he grows up? A fascist?’”

 

As a single parent for nearly a decade-she and Richard’s father, Daniel Stallman, were married in 1948, divorced in 1958, and split custody of their son afterwards-Lippman can attest to her son’s aversion to authority. She can also attest to her son’s lust for knowledge. It was during the times when the two forces intertwined, Lippman says, that she and her son experienced their biggest battles.

 

“It was like he never wanted to eat,” says Lippman, recalling the behavior pattern that set in around age eight and didn’t let up until her son’s high-school graduation in 1970. “I’d call him for dinner, and he’d never hear me. I’d have to call him 9 or 10 times just to get his attention. He was totally immersed.”

 

Stallman, for his part, remembers things in a similar fashion, albeit with a political twist.

 

“I enjoyed reading,” he says. “If I wanted to read, and my mother told me to go to the kitchen and eat or go to sleep, I wasn’t going to listen. I saw no reason why I couldn’t read. No reason why she should be able to tell me what to do, period. Essentially, what I had read about, ideas such as democracy and individual freedom, I applied to myself. I didn’t see any reason to exclude children from these principles.”

 

The belief in individual freedom over arbitrary authority extended to school as well. Two years ahead of his classmates by age 11, Stallman endured all the usual frustrations of a gifted public-school student.

It wasn’t long after the puzzle incident that his mother attended the first in what would become a long string of parent-teacher conferences.

 

“He absolutely refused to write papers,” says Lippman, recalling an early controversy. “I think the last paper he wrote before his senior year in high school was an essay on the history of the number system in the west for a fourth-grade teacher.”

 

Gifted in anything that required analytical thinking, Stallman gravitated toward math and science at the expense of his other studies. What some teachers saw as single-mindedness, however, Lippman saw as impatience.

Math and science offered simply too much opportunity to learn, especially in comparison to subjects and pursuits for which her son seemed less naturally inclined. Around age 10 or 11, when the boys in Stallman’s class began playing a regular game of touch football, she remembers her son coming home in a rage.

“He wanted to play so badly, but he just didn’t have the coordination skills,” Lippman recalls. “It made him so angry.”

 

The anger eventually drove her son to focus on math and science all the more. Even in the realm of science, however, her son’s impatience could be problematic.

Poring through calculus textbooks by age seven, Stallman saw little need to dumb down his discourse for adults. Sometime, during his middle-school years, Lippman hired a student from nearby Columbia University to play big brother to her son. The student left the family’s apartment after the first session and never came back. “I think what Richard was talking about went over his head,” Lippman speculates.

 

Another favorite maternal anecdote dates back to the early 1960s, shortly after the puzzle incident. Around age seven, two years after the divorce and relocation from Queens, Richard took up the hobby of launching model rockets in nearby Riverside Drive Park. What started as aimless fun soon took on an earnest edge as her son began recording the data from each launch. Like the interest in mathematical games, the pursuit drew little attention until one day, just before a major NASA launch, Lippman checked in on her son to see if he wanted to watch.

 

“He was fuming,” Lippman says. “All he could say to me was, `But I’m not published yet.’ Apparently he had something that he really wanted to show NASA.”

 

Such anecdotes offer early evidence of the intensity that would become Stallman’s chief trademark throughout life. When other kids came to the table, Stallman stayed in his room and read. When other kids played Johnny Unitas, Stallman played Werner von Braun. “I was weird,” Stallman says, summing up his early years succinctly in a 1999 interview. “After a certain age, the only friends I had were teachers.“See Michael Gross, “Richard Stallman: High School

Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-certified Genius” (1999). This interview is one of the most candid Stallman interviews on the record. I recommend it highly.

 

http://www.mgross.com/interviews/stallman1.html Although it meant courting more run-ins at school, Lippman decided to indulge her son’s passion. By age 12, Richard was attending science camps during the summer and private school during the school year. When a teacher recommended her son enroll in the Columbia Science Honors Program, a post-Sputnik program designed for gifted middle-and high-school students in New York City, Stallman added to his extracurriculars and was soon commuting uptown to the Columbia University campus on Saturdays.

 

Dan Chess, a fellow classmate in the Columbia Science Honors Program, recalls Richard Stallman seeming a bit weird even among the students who shared a similar lust for math and science. “We were all geeks and nerds, but he was unusually poorly adjusted,” recalls Chess, now a mathematics professor at Hunter College. “He was also smart as shit. I’ve known a lot of smart people, but I think he was the smartest person I’ve ever known.”

 

Seth Breidbart, a fellow Columbia Science Honors Program alumnus, offers bolstering testimony. A computer programmer who has kept in touch with Stallman thanks to a shared passion for science fiction and science-fiction conventions, he recalls the 15-year-old, buzz-cut-wearing Stallman as “scary,”

especially to a fellow 15-year-old.

 

“It’s hard to describe,” Breidbart says. “It wasn’t like he was unapproachable. He was just very intense.

[He was] very knowledgeable but also very hardheaded in some ways.”

 

Such descriptions give rise to speculation: are judgment-laden adjectives like “intense” and “hardheaded” simply a way to describe traits that today might be categorized under juvenile behavioral disorder? A December, 2001, Wired magazine article titled “The Geek Syndrome” paints the portrait of several scientifically gifted children diagnosed with high-functioning autism or Asperger Syndrome. In many ways, the parental recollections recorded in the Wired article are eerily similar to the ones offered by Lippman. Even Stallman has indulged in psychiatric revisionism from time to time. During a 2000 profile for the Toronto Star, Stallman described himself to an interviewer as “borderline autistic,“See Judy Steed, Toronto Star, BUSINESS, (October 9,

2000): C03. His vision of free software and social cooperation stands in stark contrast to the isolated nature of his private life. A Glenn Gould-like eccentric, the Canadian pianist was similarly brilliant, articulate, and lonely. Stallman considers himself afflicted, to some degree, by autism: a condition that, he says, makes it difficult for him to interact with people.

a description that goes a long way toward explaining a lifelong tendency toward social and emotional isolation and the equally lifelong effort to overcome it.

 

Such speculation benefits from the fast and loose nature of most so-called ” behavioral disorders”

nowadays, of course. As Steve Silberman, author of “

The Geek Syndrome,” notes, American psychiatrists have only recently come to accept Asperger Syndrome as a valid umbrella term covering a wide set of behavioral traits. The traits range from poor motor skills and poor socialization to high intelligence and an almost obsessive affinity for numbers, computers, and ordered systems.See Steve Silberman, “The Geek Syndrome,” Wired

(December, 2001).

Reflecting on the broad nature of this umbrella, Stallman says its possible that, if born 40 years later, he might have merited just such a diagnosis.

Then again, so would many of his computer-world colleagues.

 

“It’s possible I could have had something like that,”

he says. “On the other hand, one of the aspects of that syndrome is difficulty following rhythms. I can dance.

In fact, I love following the most complicated rhythms.

It’s not clear cut enough to know.”

 

Chess, for one, rejects such attempts at

back-diagnosis. “I never thought of him [as] having that sort of thing,” he says. “He was just very unsocialized, but then, we all were.”

 

Lippman, on the other hand, entertains the possibility.

She recalls a few stories from her son’s infancy, however, that provide fodder for speculation. A prominent symptom of autism is an oversensitivity to noises and colors, and Lippman recalls two anecdotes that stand out in this regard. “When Richard was an infant, we’d take him to the beach,” she says. “He would start screaming two or three blocks before we reached the surf. It wasn’t until the third time that we figured out what was going on: the sound of the surf was hurting his ears.” She also recalls a similar screaming reaction in relation to color: “My mother had bright red hair, and every time she’d stoop down to pick him up, he’d let out a wail.”

 

In recent years, Lippman says she has taken to reading books about autism and believes that such episodes were more than coincidental. “I do feel that Richard had some of the qualities of an autistic child,” she says.

“I regret that so little was known about autism back then.”

 

Over time, however, Lippman says her son learned to adjust. By age seven, she says, her son had become fond of standing at the front window of subway trains, mapping out and memorizing the labyrinthian system of railroad tracks underneath the city. It was a hobby that relied on an ability to accommodate the loud noises that accompanied each train ride. “Only the initial noise seemed to bother him,” says Lippman. “It was as if he got shocked by the sound but his nerves learned how to make the adjustment.”

 

For the most part, Lippman recalls her son exhibiting the excitement, energy, and social skills of any normal boy. It wasn’t until after a series of traumatic events battered the Stallman household, she says, that her son became introverted and emotionally distant.

 

The first traumatic event was the divorce of Alice and Daniel Stallman, Richard’s father. Although Lippman says both she and her ex-husband tried to prepare their son for the blow, she says the blow was devastating nonetheless. “He sort of didn’t pay attention when we first told him what was happening,” Lippman recalls.

“But the reality smacked him in the face when he and I moved into a new apartment. The first thing he said was, `Where’s Dad’s furniture?’”

 

For the next decade, Stallman would spend his weekdays at his mother’s apartment in Manhattan and his weekends at his father’s home in Queens. The shuttling back and forth gave him a chance to study a pair of contrasting parenting styles that, to this day, leaves Stallman firmly opposed to the idea of raising children himself.

Speaking about his father, a World War II vet who passed away in early 2001, Stallman balances respect with anger. On one hand, there is the man whose moral commitment led him to learn French just so he could be more helpful to Allies when they’d finally come. On the other hand, there was the parent who always knew how to craft a put-down for cruel effect.Regrettably, I did not get a chance to interview Daniel

Stallman for this book. During the early research for this book, Stallman informed me that his father suffered from Alzheimer’s. When I resumed research in late 2001, I learned, sadly, that Daniel Stallman had died earlier in the year.

 

“My father had