SONKAYA APPROACHES FOR THE USING TECHNIQUES OF HANDWRITING ANALYSIS RELATED BY NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS - Zeynep Z. Bayazıt, A. Rıza Sonkaya (people reading books txt) 📗

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SONKAYA APPROACHES

FOR THE USING TECHNIQUES OF HANDWRITING ANALYSIS RELATED BY NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

 

 

 

 

 

 

applications for neurological disorders document examination

 

 

 

 

 

 

Zeynep Z. Bayazıt, PhD

A. Rıza Sonkaya, MD

 

 

  

 

 

Cover art produced using handwriting samples from a patient with significant handwriting impairment associated with Parkinson’s disease. Color image of the human cortex compliments of Hauke Bartsch of The
Brain Observatory, University of California, San Diego. The red region of this image corresponds to the left
superior parietal lobe, the primary cortical region thought to govern handwriting.

 

 

 

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CONTENT

Foreword  

Preface  

Acknowledgements  

The Authors  

 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO NEUROANATOMY  1

1.1.Clinic Anatomy (Abstract) 1

1.1.1. Central Nervous System  1

1.1.2. Peripheral Nervous System  1

1.2. History of Handwriting Analysis  3

1.3. Basal Ganglia as a Source of Exploratory Drive: A Model for Reaching 22

1.3.1. Neuroanatomy of Basal Ganglia  22

1.3.2. Reward signaling in basal ganglia: How rewards lead to learning? 25

1.3.3. Computational Models of Basal Ganglia  27

1.3.4. Present Model 33

1.3.5. Architecture of proposed model  33

1.3.6. Training phase: Exploration and consolidation  42

1.3.7. Summary 45

 

CHAPER 2: AN OSCILLATORY NEUROMOTOR MODEL OF HANDWRITING GENERATION

2.1. Handwriting and Handwriting Generation 49

2.2. Models of Handwriting 51

2.2.1. Hollerbach’s oscillation theory of handwriting 52

2.2.2. Schomaker’s model 64

2.2.3. Kalveram’s model 72

2.2.4. Plamondan’s model 82

2.2.5. AVITEWRITE model 94

2.2.6. Present Model  104

2.2.7. Single oscillator model 115

2.2.8.Sublayer model: Ring of oscillators 126

2.3. Preparing the network state  137

2.3.1. The timing network 143

2.3.2. Network response 145

2.3.3.Training 153

2.3.4.Summary 166

 

CHAPTER 3: NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS AND HANDWRITING  176

3.1. Handwriting as a Diagnostic Tool 176

Computational Models of Handwriting Generation  187

3.3.Computational Neuroscience and Disease Models 194

3.4.Organization of the Report 200

 

CHPTER 4: PRACTISES FOR NEUROGICAL DISORDERS DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

 

4.1. Understanding Essential Tremor Handwriting through a Computational Model

4.1.1. Introduction 207

4.1.2. Essential Tremor Disease 210

4.1.3. Handwriting in Essential Tremor’s Disease and Need for a Computational Model  215

4.1.4. Literature review of Models of Essential Tremor’s Disease  221

4.1.5. Present Model 225

4.1.6. Summary 236

 

4.2. Understanding Parkinson Handwriting through a Computational Model

4.2.1. Introduction 245

4.2.2. Parkinson Disease 249

4.2.3. Handwriting in Parkinson Disease and Need for a Computational Model 261

4.2.4. Literature review of Models of Parkinson Disease  275

4.2.5. Present Model 277

4.2.6. Summary  286

 

4.3. Understanding Multiple Sclerosis Handwriting through a Computational Model

4.3.1. Introduction 292

4.3.2. Multiple Sclerosis Disease 295

4.3.3. Handwriting in Multiple Sclerosis Disease and Need for a Computational Model 302

4.3.4. Literature review of Models of Multiple Sclerosis Disease 317

4.3.5. Present Model 321

4.3.6. Summary 330

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 335

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foreword

 

Handwriting is considered as a representative of human behavior and characteristics for centuries. With the evolution of modern computing technologies, researchers have moved towards the automated analysis of handwriting. This shift has been reinforced by the interest various industries have in this field.

 

As aptly noted in The National Academies of Science’s 2009 Report, Strengthening Neuroscience in the United Kingdom: A Path Forward, “[t]he specialist’s greatest dilemma in its heavy reliance on medical evidence…concerns the question of whether—and to what extent—there is science in any given neuroscience discipline.” Your honor is indeed honored to write brief introductory remarks on this well-researched and well-written book which contains pertinent and reliable scientific knowledge integrated by the authors with respect to handwriting authentication. These authors have taken the necessary steps to open doors to advancing the neuroscience of handwriting forward by conducting their extensive neurobiological, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical research on how the complex regions of the brain such as the cortical and sub-cortical regions manage hand movements. They provide empirical data for the scientific communities to understand how neurological diseases process affect handwriting.

As a state expert of general Neurology for 22 years, I am impressed by the extensive work performed and contained by these two well-qualifid experts, Zeynep Zeliha BAYAZIT, Ph.D. and Ali Rıza SONKAYA, MD. The authors not only provide the backdrop for understanding motor control regarding handwriting but also describe how the neurological disease process affects motor control and handwriting. Their work suggests to patients with neurological disorder document examiners that “accurate measures of stroke length and calculating the upstroke/downstroke ratio or diffrence can increase the scientific validity and reliability of specialists of authenticity.” Also the authors present their laboratorial data and conclusions regarding the effcts that disease process have on handwriting.

With this book, these experts inspire us as scientific and professionals to further explore how disease process affect the handwriting. These two authors, through their extensive work, have begun the necessary dialogue for specialists, document examiner, educators and researchers, as recommended by the National Academies of Science, regarding the Neurosciences. These experts are not only “talking the talk,” but are “walking the walk,” by conducting empirical research with neuroanatomical bases in order to validate whether and if so, how much science is within the fild of handwriting authentication

 

Jacob G. Dubroff ,PhD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Preface

 

The neurobiological understanding of handwriting stems from decades of fundamental research in the filds of motor control, neuroscience, kinematics, and robotics. This book is an attempt to integrate these filds and facilitate a more scientifif approach to the evaluation of questioned handwriting. This book comes at a time when the validity and reliability of document examination is being closely scrutinized. A review of the status of questioned document examination by the National Academy of Sciences in 2009 concluded that the scientifif basis for the comparison of handwriting needed to be strengthened. The NAS report underscored the need for fundamental scientifif inquiry into the validity and reliability of documentexamination.

 

Decades of laboratory research in handwriting have given us the tools necessary to elucidate normal and pathological processes underlying handwriting production. Unfortunately, these principles are rarely incorporated into modern research on neurogical disease document examination. The overarching goal of this book is to educate the reader on the relevant neuroscientific principles underlying normal and pathological hand motor control and handwriting and to bridge the gap between theory and practice with examples from recent and ongoing laboratory studies.

The idea for this book grew from discussions during and following to the doctorate lessons presented the “Neuroscience Questioned Document Examiners Practice.” While these lessons explored a wide range of topics,including the neuroanatomy of motor control, disease conditions that affect handwriting, and kinematic approaches to quantifying these effects, the workshop format allowed for
only surface treatment of these important topics. The many intuitive questions, case presentations, and thoughtful discussions that took place during these lessons were a valuable impetus for the organization and content of this book.

 

In this book, we provide a general background on the fundamentals of motor control, with specific reference to handwriting. Fundamental principles in the neuroanatomy of hand motor control are presented in Chapter 1. Chapters 2 and 3 provide backgrounds in theories of motor control and their application to research in handwriting, respectively. Chapter 4 presents an overview of common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and multiple sclerosis. This chapter focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and motor characteristics of neurological disease.

Today, research into static features associated with diffrent signing behaviors can be supplemented by dynamic studies where kinematic data are collected from subjects’ signing on digitizing tablets. This technique has been used to report on the effects of disguise and simulation behaviors in terms of pen pressure, stroke formation, and movement duration .These chapters review the literature and present current laboratory research further bridging the gap between theory and practice. Based on our understanding of the principles of motor control, we are able to test specific hypotheses about whether a handwriting is the product of highly programmed motor behavior to be tested in practice.

We hope the book will have wide appeal to the researchers and educators in the filds of motor control and clinical neuroscience. For those seeking to understand the interactions between variability in the brain’s response to disease and medications taken to treat disease and the extraordinary and complex
process of handwriting, we hope this book raises new questions and opens new doors to the scientific process of signature and handwriting authentication.

 

Zeynep Zeliha Bayazıt & Ali Rıza Sonkaya

 

 

Acknowledgements

 

This is my sincere gratitude to my research guide Prof.Dr. Jacob G. Dubroff for his constant support, guidance and encouragement throughout the project and without whose help the completion of this book would have been difficult. His enthusiasm for the subject has been a great of source of inspiration for me.

I thank Dr. Johanna Bell, University of London State for healthy criticism and stimulating conversation in the middle of the research work. Also I want to thank Prof. Christopher Evans for his contribution to transferred handwriting in Neurology area, his valuable suggestions, his encouragement in doing research on handwriting in Edinburgh University.

I thank Prof.Dr.Ülkü Çelik Şavk and Dr. Oxana Dorr for their encouragement in doing research in computational neuroscience.

I am grateful to my parents Suna & Sabri for their patience and all of their helps in my research process. support and encouragement. I am glad to thank my brother İsmail and also my sisters Merve and Kevser. Again I would like to thank them their support, their believe and encouragement. I really feel very lucky myself because of their existence in my life.

Zeynep Zeliha Bayazıt

 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgements

 

 

First of all, I would like to express my gratitudes to my lecturers Prof. Dr.Mehmet Saraçoğlu and Prof.Dr.Mehmet Fatih Özdağ who put forth the great time and effort to endear Neurology to me.I am deeply greatful to Dr.Nurettin Yiyit for his motivation and friendly tolerence and drawing figures for this work. Last but not least, I would also like to thank my familiy for their constant support, patience and encouragement throughout my studies. This work is dedicated to my parents Sevgi & Suat and my sister Seda...

 

 

Ali Rıza SONKAYA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Authors

 

Zeynep Zeliha Bayazıt, is a academic personnel at Ankara University Department of Linguistic, Turkey. She has been a forensic document examiner for
3 years. She is certified by the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners and holds a certificate in document examination from the Forensic Science Society in Edinburgh. She
is a member of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners. Her research interests are Applied Linguistic, Neurolinguistic and Neuroscience. Her current research interest focuses on empirical studies of impaired handwriting authentication in forensic and medical areas.

 

Ali Rıza Sonkaya, is a Senior Neurologist at Okmeydanı Training and Reseach Hospital, Turkey. Dr. Sonkaya graduated at Gülhane Military Medical Academy and he received his speciality from GATA Haydarpaşa Training Hospital. His doctoral research was based on the movement disorders. His current research interests are Neuroscience, movement and neurodegeneretive disorders. He is a member of the Society of Turkish Neurology and Neuropsychiatry.