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waste and the burden on landfills, and provides raw materials for manufacturers.

Sahu, (2007) worked on the present scenario of municipal solid waste dumping grounds in India. He found that, in recent days the dumping grounds are being used for construction purpose which is a common practice in metropolitans like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Delhi etc. The environment is adversely affected causing damage of property like electronic equipments, sensitive computers, server rooms etc, due to release of pollutants like Methane (CH4), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Methyl Mercaptans CH3SH etc. This is the very important finding in relation to the use of dumping grounds for construction purpose.

Sadashivaiah et.al., (2008) have studied the hydrochemical analysis and evaluation of ground water quality in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. They studied around 269 stations during pre-monsoon and 279 locations during post-monsoon and reported their results. He found that the water for irrigation is not suitable in the study area but it may be used in the well-drained soils. A statistical approach on some physicochemical characteristics of ground water of Rampur district in Uttar Pradesh was studied by Sindhu and Sharma in 2007. They studied 25 water samples and reported that the water quality is very poor and unsuitable for drinking purpose. They also recommended that the top priority should be given to water quality monitoring and indigenous technologies should be adopted to make water fit for drinking after treatment such as defluoridation, desalination.

Sharholy et.al., (2008) reviewed the status of municipal solid waste management in Indian cities. They reported that municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants.

Zhu Minghua et.al., (2009) studied the management practices carried out for the solid waste from Pudong New Area, China. They have illustrated important aspects of waste management, such as the current status of waste collection, transport and disposal in Pudong area. Moqsud and Hayashi, 2006, evaluated solid waste management practice in Japan and found that 20.3% of total solid waste generated in Japan is land filled, including ash from incineration. Approximately 75% of the gross amount of municipal solid waste that Japan generates annually is incinerated providing an estimated 2.5 million Kilowatts of electricity is generated. According to Moqsud and Hayashi, the “waste management hierarchy” (minimization, recovery, transformation and disposal) has been adopted by Japan in recent times as the menu for developing solid waste management strategies.

Oyelola et.al., (2009) reported some health implications of solid waste disposal during the study of Olusosun dumpsite, Lagos, Nigeria. Their study describes correlation of the exposure factors (smoke, odor and dust) with health hazards of its workers. They found the positive correlation between eye irritation and dust and also between difficulty in breathing and smoke; likewise between typhoid and dysentery and also malaria and dysentery. The percentage of research diseases as they affect the dumpsite workers and the scavengers are 86% eye irritation, 66% difficulty in breathing, 48% asthma, 90% cough, 10% pneumonia, 82% malaria, 46% typhoid, 44% dysentery, 42% cholera and 96% fatigue. This shows that open dump solid wastes disposal affects the health of the dumpsite workers.

According to Rajput et.al., (2009), municipal solid waste generation showed different trend and a positive correlation with economic development in term of kg/capita/day solid waste generation at world scale. During the study of scenario of solid waste management in present Indian context, they reported waste generation varies from 200-600 kg/capita/day and collection efficiency ranges from 50-90% in India.

Yadav and Devi, (2009) conducted studies on the solid waste management in Mysore city. They made detailed investigation regarding the methods of practices associated with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal solid. Shivayoginath et.al., 2007 carried out a research on municipal solid waste management in Raichur city. They thoroughly studied all the components of municipal solid waste management and also suggested scientific management. Agarwal et.al., 2005 investigated recycling of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Indian capital city of Delhi. They found that an informal sector comprising waste recyclists and a hierarchy of recyclable dealers plays an important role in the management of solid waste.

Nishanthiny et.al., (2010) studied the irrigation water quality based on hydro chemical analysis at Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Their result reveals that ground water quality at various places in study area was not suitable for irrigation and they identified the bicarbonate hazard as a major hazard which was due to the influence of carbonate rock dissolution.

A review of literature of Solid Waste Management in India highlights the financial issues as the most important ones limiting improvements in SWM; Hanrahan et al (2006) specifically notes that “There is an urgent need for much improved medium term planning at the municipal and state level so that realistic investment projections can be developed and implemented.” New methods for cost planning will support waste managers when faced with difficult decisions (Milke, 2006).

RESEARCH GAPS

Many Researchers have attempted to provide solution to some of the issues related to solid waste management. Further some of the studies either try to evaluate the overall outcome of the SWM focusing on one or major indicators as their main emphasis depending on the area of their specialization. Researcher found that earlier studies have not much focused on the policies and legal practices of the government adopted to minimize the solid wastes. The present study addresses the problems and concerns which were not focused by the earlier scholars. Hence, the present study attempts to analyze the problems and functioning of Solid Waste Management in Bengaluru City.

IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM

Solid waste management not only comes from industrial units. It also comes from various sources. Every man with the operation of daily domestic work creates solid waste for disposal. Ssolid waste disposal creates a problem primarily in highly populated areas like Bengaluru city.In Bengaluru, generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial, hazardous waste, and biomedical waste have been increasing due to migration of people from rural to urban, population growth, changes in life style of residents and economic development. On the other hand, waste management responses have not kept pace with the increasing quantities of waste resulting:

High proportion of uncollected waste,

Poor standards of transportation, storage, treatment and disposal.

Open dumping of garbage by the public

Poorly maintained landfill sites

Practically every citizen is now search of clear air and pleasant environment. The land pollution problem has grown enormously in the recent years due to waste dumping civics administration are facing the problem for hygiene disposal waste. Those calls for separate efforts of not only the civics administration but participation of several responsibilities publics groups and industrial lists. As the cities are growing in size and problems seen as the generation of plastic waste, various municipal waste treatment and disposal methods are now being used to try resolving these problems. Garbage generation in household can be recycled and reused to prevent creation of waste at sources and reducing amount of waste thrown into the community dustbins.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There has been a progressive decline in the standard of services with respect to collection and disposal of municipal solid waste including hospital and industrial wastes, as well as measures for ensuring adequacy of environmental sanitation and public hygiene. In Bengaluru city nearly half of solid waste generated remains unattended, giving rise to insanitary conditions especially in densely populated slums which in turn results in an increase in morbidity especially due to microbial and parasitic infections and infestations in all segments of population, with the urban slum dwellers and the waste handlers being the worst affected. Despite the present concerns of individuals and the government about waste management in Bengaluru, is still faced with serious solid waste management problems. From observation, domestic and municipal solid wastes are commonly found in Bengaluru. Domestic waste comes from activities such as cooking and from human excreta. Municipal wastes are the trash from commercial establishments, small industries, and households. These include tins, plastic products, and polythene bags. These form the greater part of the waste observed on the streets, in gutters, and the back of houses and roadside in Bengaluru city.

Containers for storing solid wastes in homes include old buckets, baskets, plastic containers, boxes, sacks, and even polythene bags, which in most cases have no lids. Hence, the wastes are even spread around before they get to the sanitary sites. Solid waste, when treated well, can be turned into a resource, but the greater part of wastes generated in Bengaluru seem not to undergo any treatment before their final disposal. They are left in piles for weeks to create unsanitary scenes that smell bad and, worst of all, create diseases. Solid wastes generated in Bengaluru are most often disposed of in open dumps, gutters, and at the back of houses probably due to the inadequate solid waste management equipment or the long distances to the sanitary sites. People also leave their wastes in piles for days before they finally get to the sanitary sites for disposal. The above problems make it clear that the BBMP is unable to cope up with the problem.

OBJECTIVES

The overall objective of the research is to economic analysisof solid waste management in Bengaluru city. The specific objectives of the study are:

To study the major problems in the generation, reduction, reuse, recycling, handling, collection, transfer and transport, transformation and disposal of solid waste in Bengaluru.

To understand the prevailing technologies and practices of solid-waste management collection, transformation, and disposal of wastes at various levels.

To analyse the rules and regulations, policies of state government in cleaning the environment.

To analyse the factors affecting solid waste management in Bengaluru city.

To assess the attitudes and perceptions of people in Bengaluru towards Solid Waste Management.

To explore the policy measures and industrial action to minimize the undesirable impacts generated by solid wastes.

HYPOTHESES

H1: Bengaluru city has failed to manage the problem of solid waste.

H2: BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike) have failed to implement the appropriate planning and practices towards Solid waste management.

H3: Attitudes and life style of people in Bengaluru have affected the environment.

H4: There is no significant effect of Policies and practices of state government towards Solid wastes.

METHODOLOGY

The study hasadopted the following methodology.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The data collection is of two types - primary data and secondary data.

Primary Data: They are collected through sample survey and structured questionnaire. The questionnaire contains both closed and open-ended questions. The authorities of the BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike)were interviewed. Personal interviews and observations were conducted to obtain more information from the residents of Bengaluru city.

Secondary data: The major sources of secondary information were collected like books, journals, newspapers, Magazines and internet sources.

SAMPLING DESIGN

In order to fulfill the objectives of the study the stratified sampling technique is used and it has two major strata like industrial waste and household waste. The total sample size of the study is 150 including 10 BBMP authorities, 10 industrial people and 130 residents of Bengaluru.

SELECTION OF STUDY AREA

As a researcher, the major problem and challenge in the Bengaluru city is disposing, reuse, recycling the solid wastes. Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These include monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal. Most urban areas in the country are plagued by acute problems related to solid waste. Due to lack of serious efforts by city authorities, garbage and its management has become a tenacious problem and this notwithstanding the fact that the largest part of municipal expenditure is allotted to it.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The present study is confined only to solid waste among various types of wastes.

The study is only confined to Bengaluru City especially BBMP.

The study is much focused on hazardous wastes of Bengaluru city.

The conclusions drawn from the study may not be generalized.

The study is based on the data available by the BBMP officials of Bengaluru city.

REFERENCES

Agarwal, A., Singhmar, A., Kulshrestha, M., Mittal, A.K., (2005). Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi,