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CONTENTS.

Egyptian Art,                                                       1

Ancient Thebes,                                                      2

The Temple of Carnac,                                               5

Temple of Luxor,                                                     5

The Statues of Memnon,                                               6

Heliopolis,                                                          7

Memphis,                                                             8

Lake Moeris,                                                         9

The Colossal Sphinx,                                                10

The Labyrinth of Egypt,                                             11

The Catacombs of Egypt,                                             12

The Pyramids of Egypt,                                             19

Perilous Ascent of the Pyramid of Cephren,                         27

Egyptian Obelisks,                                                 30

Removal of an Obelisk by Fontana,                                   33

Removal of an Obelisk from Thebes to Paris,                         40

Carburi's Base for the Equestrian Statue of Peter the Great,       42

Comparative Skill of the Ancients and Moderns in Mechanics,         45

The Britannia Tubular Railway Bridge,                               46

The Tubes,                                                         47

Construction of the Tubes,                                         49

Floating the Tubes,                                                 50

Raising the Tubes,                                                52

Glory of Ancient Rome,                                             57

The Capitol,                                                       59

Modern Rome,                                                       60

The Foundation of Venice,                                           72

Theodoric the Great, and his Love of the Fine Arts,                 73

Archimedes,                                                         77

The Trials of Genius--Filippo Brunelleschi,                         80

Brunelleschi's Enthusiasm,                                         122

Brunelleschi and Donatello,                                       123

Donatello,                                                         125

Donatello and the Merchant,                                       126

Donatello and his Kinsmen,                                         127

Death of Donatello,                                               128

Donatello and Michael Angelo Compared,                             128

Sofonisba Anguisciola's Early Distinction,                         129

Sofonisba's Visit to Rome,                                         130

Sofonisba's Marriages,                                            131

Sofonisba's Residence at Genoa, and her Intercourse with Vandyck, 132

Carriera Rosalba,                                                 133

Rosalba's Modesty,                                                 133

Rosalba's Knowledge of Tempers,                                   133

Elizabeth Sirani,                                                 134

Death of Elizabeth Sirani,                                         135

Rachel Ruysch,                                                    135

Sir Anthony Vandyck,                                               136

Vandyck's Visit to Italy,                                         138

Vandyck's Return to Antwerp,                                       139

Vandyck's Visit to England,                                       141

William van de Velde the Elder,                                   143

Van de Velde and Charles II.,                                     144

William van de Velde the Younger,                                145

The Younger van de Velde's Works,                                 146

Nicholas Poussin,                                                 148

Poussin's first Celebrity,                                         149

Poussin's first Visit to Rome,                                     150

Poussin's Distress at Rome,                                       151

Poussin's Success at Rome,                                         152

Poussin's Invitation to Paris,                                     153

Poussin's Return to Rome,                                         154

Sir Joshua Reynolds' Critique on Poussin,                         156

Poussin's Views of his Art,                                      157

Poussin's Works,                                                   158

Marino and Poussin,                                               159

Poussin Romanized,                                                 160

Poussin's Habits of Study,                                         161

Poussin's Old Age,                                                 162

Poussin's Last Work and Death,                                     163

Poussin's Ideas of Painting,                                      164

Poussin and the Nobleman,                                         165

Poussin and Mengs,                                                 165

Poussin and Domenichino,                                           166

Poussin and Salvator Rosa,                                         166

Poussin, Angelo, and Raffaelle Compared,                           168

Rembrandt,                                                         170

Rembrandt's Works,                                                173

Rembrandt as an Engraver,                                         174

Anecdote of Schwarts,                                             175

Jacques Callot,                                                   176

Callot's Patriotism,                                               177

Ingenuity of Artists,                                             178

A Hint to Jewelers,                                               179

Curious Paintings,                                                180

The Oldest Oil Painting Extant,                                   181

Curious Representations of the Harpies,                           181

Adrian Brower,                                                     182

Brower, the Duke d'Aremberg, and Rubens,                           183

Death of Brower,                                                   184

Brower's Works,                                                   185

Rosa da Tivoli,                                                  185

Rosa da Tivoli's Works,                                           186

Rosa da Tivoli's Facility of Execution,                           186

Rosa da Tivoli's Habits,                                           187

Luca Cambiaso's Facility in Painting,                             187

Cambiaso's Works in Spain,                                         188

Cambiaso's Artistic Merits,                                       190

Rarity of Female Portraits in Spain,                               191

Murillo's Pictures in Spanish America,                             192

Murillo's "Virgin of the Napkin,"                                 193

Anecdote of an Altar-Piece by Murillo,                             194

Murillo and his slave Gomez,                                       195

An Artist's Love of Romance,                                       195

Estéban March's Strange Method of Study,                           198

March's Adventure of the Fish, fried in Linseed Oil,               199

A Painter's Rebuke,                                               200

A Painter's Retort Courteous,                                     201

Ardemans and Bocanegra--A Trial of Skill,                         201

A Painter's Artifice to "Keep up Appearances,"                     202

A Good Natured Criticism,                                         203

Alonso Cano and the Intendant of the Bishop of Malaga,             203

Cano's Love of Sculpture,                                         204

Castillo's Sarcasm on Alfaro,                                     204

Torres' Imitations of Caravaggio,                                 205

Pantoja and the Eagle,                                            205

The Painter Methodius and the King of Bulgaria,                   206

John C. Vermeyen and Charles V.,                                   206

Blas de Prado and the Emperor of Morocco,                         207

Don Juan Carreño,                                                 208

Carreño's Copy of Titian's St. Margaret,                           208

Carreño's Abstraction of Mind,                                     209

Anecdote of Cespedes' Last Supper,                                209

Zuccaro's Compliment to Cespedes,                                 210

Dona Barbara Maria de Hueva,                                       210

The Miraculous Picture of the Virgin,                             211

The Chair of St. Peter,                                           213

The Sagro Catino, or Emerald Dish,                                 215

The "Painter of Florence,"                                         217

Legend of the Painter-Friar, the Devil, and the Virgin,           220

Gerard Douw,                                                       222

Douw's Style,                                                     224

Douw's Method of Painting,                                         225

Douw's Works,                                                     226

Albert Durer,                                                     228

Durer's Works as a Painter,                                       229

Durer's Works as an Engraver,                                     231

Durer's Fame and Death,                                           233

Durer's Habits and Literary Works,                                 234

Ludolph Backhuysen,                                              235

John Baptist Weenix the Elder,                                     236

Weenix's Facility of Hand,                                         236

John Baptist Weenix the Younger,                                   237

Jan Steen,                                                         238

Jan Steen's Works,                                                 238

Kugler's Critique on the Works of Jan Steen,                       240

Frolics of Mieris and Jan Steen,                                  241

Sir Anthony More,                                                 242

Sir Anthony More and Philip II.,                                   243

More's Success and Works,                                         243

Perilous Adventure of a Painter,                                   245

Anecdote of John de Mabuse,                                       246

Capugnano and Lionello Spada,                                     247

Michael Angelo Caravaggio--His Quarrelsome Disposition,           248

Jacopo Amiconi,                                                   249

Painting the Dead,                                                 250

Taddeo Zuccaro,                                                   250

Zuccaro's Resentment,                                             251

Royal Criticism,                                                   252

Pietro da Cortona,                                                 253

"Know Thyself,"                                                   254

Benvenuto Cellini,                                                 255

Fracanzani and Salvator Rosa,                                     256

Pope Urban VIII. and Bernini,                                    256

Emulation and Rivalry in the Fine Arts,                           257

The Nótte of Correggio,                                           259

The Dresden Gallery,                                               262

Painting among the Egyptians,                                     263

Painting among the Greeks,                                         265

Numismatics,                                                       269

Restoring Ancient Edifices,                                        274

Napoleon's Love of Art,                                           274

Napoleon's Works at Paris,                                         276

The Napoleon Medals,                                               281

The Elephant Fountain,                                             286

Interesting Drawing,                                               287

Sévre China,                                                       288

Dismantling of the Louvre,                                        289

Removal of the Venetian Horses from Paris,                         296

Removal of the Statue of Napoleon from the Place Vendôme,         301

The Musée Français and the Musée Royal,                           302

Boydell's Shakspeare Gallery,                                     305

Brief Sketch of a Plan for an American National Gallery of Art,   307

 

 

 

BOOK 1,pg.1

EGYPTIAN ART.

 

 

Champollion, the famous explorer of Egyptian antiquities, holds the

following language at the end of his fifteenth letter, dated at Thebes.

"It is evident to me, as it must be to all who have thoroughly examined

Egypt or have an accurate knowledge of the Egyptian monuments existing

in Europe, that the arts commenced in Greece by a servile imitation of

the arts in Egypt, much more advanced than is vulgarly believed, at the

period when the Egyptian colonies came in contact with the savage

inhabitants of Attica or the Peloponnesus. Without Egypt, Greece would

probably never have become the classical land of the fine arts. Such is

my entire belief on this great problem. I write these lines almost in

the presence of bas-reliefs which the Egyptians executed, with the most

elegant delicacy of workmanship, seventeen hundred years before the

Christian era. What were the Greeks then doing?"

 

The sculptures of the monument of El Asaffif are ascertained to be more

than three thousand five hundred years old.

 

 

 

 

ANCIENT THEBES.

 

 

Thebes, an ancient city and capital of Egypt, and the oldest city in the

world, was situated in Upper Egypt, on both sides of the Nile, about two

hundred and sixty miles south of Cairo. Thebes is "the city of a hundred

gates," the theme and admiration of ancient poets and historians, and

the wonder of travelers--"that venerable city," in the language of Dr.

Pocoke, "the date of whose destruction is older than the foundation of

other cities, and the extent of whose ruins, and the immensity of whose

colossal fragments still offer so many astonishing objects, that one is

riveted to the spot, unable to decide whither to direct the step, or fix

the attention." These ruins extend about eight miles along the Nile,

from each bank to the sides of the enclosing mountains, and describe a

circuit of twenty-seven miles. The most remarkable objects on the

eastern side are the temples of Carnac and Luxor; and on the western

side are the Memnonium or palace of Memnon, two colossal statues, the

sepulchres of the kings, and the temple of Medinet Abu. The glory of

Thebes belongs to a period prior to the commencement of authentic

history. It is recorded only in the dim lights of poetry and tradition,

which might be suspected of fable, did not such mighty witnesses remain

to attest their truth. Strabo and Diodorus Siculus described Thebes

under the name of _Diospolis_ (the city of God), and gave such

magnificent descriptions of its monuments as caused the fidelity of

those writers to be called in question, till the observations of modern

travelers proved their accounts to have fallen short of the reality. At

the time of the Persian invasion under Cambyses, Memphis had supplanted

Thebes; and the Ptolemys afterwards removed the seat of empire to

Alexandria. At present, its site presents only a few scattered villages,

consisting of miserable cottages built in the courts of the temples. The

ancient structures, however, remain in a state of wonderful

preservation. Almost the whole extent of eight miles along the river is

covered with magnificent portals, obelisks decorated with most beautiful

sculptures, forests of columns, and long avenues of sphynxes and

colossal statues. The most remarkable monuments, the ruins of which

remain, are the temples of Carnac, Luxor, the Memnonium or temple of

Memnon, and the temple of Medinet Abu. The tomb of Osymandyas, the

temple of Iris, the Labyrinth, and the Catacombs lie on the western

side of the Nile. In the interior of the mountains which rise behind

these monuments, are found objects less imposing and magnificent indeed,

but not less interesting--the tombs of the kings of Thebes. Several of

these were opened by Belzoni, and were found in great preservation, with

mummies in the sarcophagi, as well as dispersed through the chambers.

 

Such was ancient Thebes--a city so populous that, according to ancient

writers, in times of war 10,000 soldiers issued from each of her hundred

gates, forming an army of 1,000,000 men. That these magnificent ruins

are the remains of "the city of an hundred gates,"--"the earliest

capital in the world," cannot be doubted. According to the measurements

made by the French, their distance from the sea on the north, is 680,000

metres (850 miles), and from Elephantine on the south, 180,000 metres

(225 miles)--corresponding exactly with the 6,800 and 1,800 stadia of

Herodotus. The circumference of the ruins is about 15,000 metres (17½

miles), agreeing with the 140 stadia given by Diodorus as the

circumference of Thebes. The origin of the name of this celebrated city,

as well as the date of its foundation, is unknown. According to

Champollion, who deciphered many of the inscriptions on these ruins, the

Egyptian name was _Thbaki-antepi-Amoun_ (City of the Most High), of

which the _No-Ammon_ of the Hebrews and _Diospolis_ of the Greeks are

mere translations; _Thebæ_, of the Greeks is also perhaps derived from

the Egyptian _Thbaki_ (the city).

 

 

 

 

THE TEMPLE OF CARNAC.

 

 

The largest of the temples of Thebes, and of any in Egypt, is that of

Carnac, on the site of the ancient Diospolis. Diodorus describes it as

thirteen stadia, or about a mile and a half in circumference, which

nearly agrees with the admeasurements of Denon. It has twelve principal

entrances; and the body of the temple, which is preceded by a large

court, consists of a prodigious hall or portico, the roof of which is

supported by one hundred and thirty-four columns, some twenty-six, and

others thirty feet in circumference; four beautiful obelisks then mark

the entrance to the shrine, which consists of three apartments, built

entirely of granite.

 

 

 

 

TEMPLE OF LUXOR.

 

 

The temple of Luxor is about one and a fourth mile above that of Carnac,

and though it is of smaller dimensions it is in a superior style of

architecture, and in more complete preservation. The entrance is thought

to surpass everything else that Egypt presents. In front are the two

finest obelisks in the world, formed of rose-colored granite, and

rising, as Denon supposes, after allowing for the portion buried in the

ground, to the height of one hundred feet. But the objects which most

attract attention, are the sculptures which cover the east wing of the

northern front. They represent on a grand scale, a victory gained by one

of the ancient kings of Egypt over their Asiatic enemies, consisting of

multitudes of figures, horses, and chariots, executed in the best style

of Egyptian art; the number of human figures introduced exceeds fifteen

hundred, five hundred of which are on foot, and the rest in chariots.

 

 

 

 

THE STATUES OF MEMNON.

 

 

There were many colossal statues of Memnon in Egypt, but the most

remarkable were the two in the Memnonium or palace of Memnon, at Thebes.

The largest is of rose-colored granite, and stood in the centre of the

principal court; its height was sixty-four feet, and its remains are

scattered forty feet around it. Rigaud, one of the French savans, says,

"the excavations are still visible where the wedges were placed which

divided the monument when it was thrown down by Cambyses." The trunk

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