Unconscious Memory(Fiscle Part-3) - Samuel Butler (digital e reader TXT) 📗
- Author: Samuel Butler
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The Enthusiasm Of Our Grandfathers For The Poetry Of Dr. Erasmus
Darwin Does To Ourselves; And As One Who Has Yielded To None In
Respect Of The Fascination Mr. Darwin Has Exercised Over Him, I Would
Chapter 1 Pg 26Fain Say A Few Words Of Explanation Which May Make The Matter Clearer
To Our Future Historians. I Do This The More Readily Because I Can
At The Same Time Explain Thus Better Than In Any Other Way The Steps
Which Led Me To The Theory Which I Afterwards Advanced In "Life And
Habit."
This Last, Indeed, Is Perhaps The Main Purpose Of The Earlier
Chapters Of This Book. I Shall Presently Give A Translation Of A
Lecture By Professor Ewald Hering Of Prague, Which Appeared Ten Years
Ago, And Which Contains So Exactly The Theory I Subsequently
Advocated Myself, That I Am Half Uneasy Lest It Should Be Supposed
That I Knew Of Professor Hering's Work And Made No Reference To It.
A Friend To Whom I Submitted My Translation In Ms., Asking Him How
Closely He Thought It Resembled "Life And Habit," Wrote Back That It
Gave My Own Ideas Almost In My Own Words. As Far As The Ideas Are
Concerned This Is Certainly The Case, And Considering That Professor
Hering Wrote Between Seven And Eight Years Before I Did, I Think It
Due To Him, And To My Readers As Well As To Myself, To Explain The
Steps Which Led Me To My Conclusions, And, While Putting Professor
Hering's Lecture Before Them, To Show Cause For Thinking That I
Arrived At An Almost Identical Conclusion, As It Would Appear, By An
Almost Identical Road, Yet, Nevertheless, Quite Independently, I Must
Ask The Reader, Therefore, To Regard These Earlier Chapters As In
Some Measure A Personal Explanation, As Well As A Contribution To The
History Of An Important Feature In The Developments Of The Last
Twenty Years. I Hope Also, By Showing The Steps By Which I Was Led
To My Conclusions, To Make The Conclusions Themselves More Acceptable
And Easy Of Comprehension.
Being On My Way To New Zealand When The "Origin Of Species" Appeared,
I Did Not Get It Till 1860 Or 1861. When I Read It, I Found "The
Theory Of Natural Selection" Repeatedly Spoken Of As Though It Were A
Synonym For "The Theory Of Descent With Modification"; This Is
Especially The Case In The Recapitulation Chapter Of The Work. I
Failed To See How Important It Was That These Two Theories--If Indeed
"Natural Selection" Can Be Called A Theory--Should Not Be Confounded
Together, And That A "Theory Of Descent With Modification" Might Be
True, While A "Theory Of Descent With Modification Through Natural
Selection" {4} Might Not Stand Being Looked Into.
If Any One Had Asked Me To State In Brief What Mr. Darwin's Theory
Was, I Am Afraid I Might Have Answered "Natural Selection," Or
"Descent With Modification," Whichever Came First, As Though The One
Meant Much The Same As The Other. I Observe That Most Of The Leading
Writers On The Subject Are Still Unable To Catch Sight Of The
Distinction Here Alluded To, And Console Myself For My Want Of Acumen
By Reflecting That, If I Was Misled, I Was Misled In Good Company.
I--And I May Add, The Public Generally--Failed Also To See What The
Unaided Reader Who Was New To The Subject Would Be Almost Certain To
Overlook. I Mean, That, According To Mr. Darwin, The Variations
Whose Accumulation Resulted In Diversity Of Species And Genus Were
Indefinite, Fortuitous, Attributable But In Small Degree To Any Known
Causes, And Without A General Principle Underlying Them Which Would
Chapter 1 Pg 27Cause Them To Appear Steadily In A Given Direction For Many
Successive Generations And In A Considerable Number Of Individuals At
The Same Time. We Did Not Know That The Theory Of Evolution Was One
That Had Been Quietly But Steadily Gaining Ground During The Last
Hundred Years. Buffon We Knew By Name, But He Sounded Too Like
"Buffoon" For Any Good To Come From Him. We Had Heard Also Of
Lamarck, And Held Him To Be A Kind Of French Lord Monboddo; But We
Knew Nothing Of His Doctrine Save Through The Caricatures Promulgated
By His Opponents, Or The Misrepresentations Of Those Who Had Another
Kind Of Interest In Disparaging Him. Dr. Erasmus Darwin We Believed
To Be A Forgotten Minor Poet, But Ninety-Nine Out Of Every Hundred Of
Us Had Never So Much As Heard Of The "Zoonomia." We Were Little
Likely, Therefore, To Know That Lamarck Drew Very Largely From
Buffon, And Probably Also From Dr. Erasmus Darwin, And That This
Last-Named Writer, Though Essentially Original, Was Founded Upon
Buffon, Who Was Greatly More In Advance Of Any Predecessor Than Any
Successor Has Been In Advance Of Him.
We Did Not Know, Then, That According To The Earlier Writers The
Variations Whose Accumulation Results In Species Were Not Fortuitous
And Definite, But Were Due To A Known Principle Of Universal
Application--Namely, "Sense Of Need"--Or Apprehend The Difference
Between A Theory Of Evolution Which Has A Backbone, As It Were, In
The Tolerably Constant Or Slowly Varying Needs Of Large Numbers Of
Individuals For Long Periods Together, And One Which Has No Such
Backbone, But According To Which The Progress Of One Generation Is
Always Liable To Be Cancelled And Obliterated By That Of The Next.
We Did Not Know That The New Theory In A Quiet Way Professed To Tell
Us Less Than The Old Had Done, And Declared That It Could Throw
Little If Any Light Upon The Matter Which The Earlier Writers Had
Endeavoured To Illuminate As The Central Point In Their System. We
Took It For Granted That More Light Must Be Being Thrown Instead Of
Less; And Reading In Perfect Good Faith, We Rose From Our Perusal
With The Impression That Mr. Darwin Was Advocating The Descent Of All
Existing Forms Of Life From A Single, Or From, At Any Rate, A Very
Few Primordial Types; That No One Else Had Done This Hitherto, Or
That, If They Had, They Had Got The Whole Subject Into A Mess, Which
Mess, Whatever It Was--For We Were Never Told This--Was Now Being
Removed Once For All By Mr. Darwin.
The Evolution Part Of The Story, That Is To Say, The Fact Of
Evolution, Remained In Our Minds As By Far The Most Prominent Feature
In Mr. Darwin's Book; And Being Grateful For It, We Were Very Ready
To Take Mr. Darwin's Work At The Estimate Tacitly Claimed For It By
Himself, And Vehemently Insisted Upon By Reviewers In Influential
Journals, Who Took Much The Same Line Towards The Earlier Writers On
Evolution As Mr. Darwin Himself Had Taken. But Perhaps Nothing More
Prepossessed Us In Mr. Darwin's Favour Than The Air Of Candour That
Was Omnipresent Throughout His Work. The Prominence Given To The
Arguments Of Opponents Completely Carried Us Away; It Was This Which
Threw Us Off Our Guard. It Never Occurred To Us That There Might Be
Other And More Dangerous Opponents Who Were Not Brought Forward. Mr.
Darwin Did Not Tell Us What His Grandfather And Lamarck Would Have
Had To Say To This Or That. Moreover, There Was An Unobtrusive
Chapter 1 Pg 28Parade Of Hidden Learning And Of Difficulties At Last Overcome Which
Was Particularly Grateful To Us. Whatever Opinion Might Be
Ultimately Come To Concerning The Value Of His Theory, There Could Be
But One About The Value Of The Example He Had Set To Men Of Science
Generally By The Perfect Frankness And Unselfishness Of His Work.
Friends And Foes Alike Combined To Do Homage To Mr. Darwin In This
Respect.
For, Brilliant As The Reception Of The "Origin Of Species" Was, It
Met In The First Instance With Hardly Less Hostile Than Friendly
Criticism. But The Attacks Were Ill-Directed; They Came From A
Suspected Quarter, And Those Who Led Them Did Not Detect More Than
The General Public Had Done What Were The Really Weak Places In Mr.
Darwin's Armour. They Attacked Him Where He Was Strongest; And Above
All, They Were, As A General Rule, Stamped With A Disingenuousness
Which At That Time We Believed To Be Peculiar To Theological Writers
And Alien To The Spirit Of Science. Seeing, Therefore, That The Men
Of Science Ranged Themselves More And More Decidedly On Mr. Darwin's
Side, While His Opponents Had Manifestly--So Far As I Can Remember,
All The More Prominent Among Them--A Bias To Which Their Hostility
Was Attributable, We Left Off Looking At The Arguments Against
"Darwinism," As We Now Began To Call It, And Pigeon-Holed The Matter
To The Effect That There Was One Evolution, And That Mr. Darwin Was
Its Prophet.
The Blame Of Our Errors And Oversights Rests Primarily With Mr.
Darwin Himself. The First, And Far The Most Important, Edition Of
The "Origin Of Species" Came Out As A Kind Of Literary Melchisedec,
Without Father And Without Mother In The Works Of Other People. Here
Is Its Opening Paragraph:-
"When On Board H.M.S. 'Beagle' As Naturalist, I Was Much Struck With
Certain Facts In The Distribution Of The Inhabitants Of South
America, And In The Geological Relations Of The Present To The Past
Inhabitants Of That Continent. These Facts Seemed To Me To Throw
Some Light On The Origin Of Species--That Mystery Of Mysteries, As It
Has Been Called By One Of Our Greatest Philosophers. On My Return
Home, It Occurred To Me, In 1837, That Something Might Be Made Out On
This Question By Patiently Accumulating And Reflecting Upon All Sorts
Of Facts Which Could Possibly Have Any Bearing On It. After Five
Years' Work I Allowed Myself To Speculate On The Subject, And Drew Up
Some Short Notes; These I Enlarged In 1844 Into A Sketch Of The
Conclusions Which Then Seemed To Me Probable: From That Period To
The Present Day I Have Steadily Pursued The Same Object. I Hope That
I May Be Excused For Entering On These Personal Details, As I Give
Them To Show That I Have Not Been Hasty In Coming To A Decision."
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