Data Mining by Mehmed Kantardzic (inspirational novels TXT) 📗

can be grouped into many different categories, depending on the level of generalization. LifeSeq has been organized to permit comparisons of classes of sequence information within a hypothesis-testing mode. For example, a researcher could compare gene sequences isolated from diseased and non-diseased tissue from an organ. One of the most important tools that are provided in LifeSeq is a measure of similarity among sequences that are derived from specific sources. If there is a difference between two tissue groups for any available sequences, this might indicate that these sequences should be explored more fully. Sequences occurring more frequently in the diseased sample might reflect genetic factors in the disease process. On the other hand, sequences occurring more frequently in the non-diseased sample might indicate mechanisms that protect the body from the disease.

Although it has proved invaluable to the company and their clients in its current incarnation, additional features are being planned and implemented to extend the LifeSeq functionality into research areas such as

identifying co-occurring gene sequences,

tying genes to disease stage, and

using LifeSeq to predict molecular toxicology.

Although the LifeSeq database is an invaluable research resource, queries to the database often produce very large data sets that are difficult to analyze in text format. For this reason, Incyte developed the LifeSeq 3-D application that provides visualization of data sets, and also allows users to cluster or classify and display information about genes. The 3-D version has been developed using the Silicon Graphics MineSet tool. This version has customized functions that let researchers explore data from LifeSeq and discover novel genes within the context of targeted protein functions and tissue types.

Maine Medical Center (USA)

Maine Medical Center—a teaching hospital and the major community hospital for the Portland, Maine, area—has been named in the U.S. News and World Report Best Hospitals list twice in orthopedics and heart care. In order to improve quality of patient care in measurable ways, Maine Medical Center has used scorecards as key performance indicators. Using SAS, the hospital creates balanced scorecards that measure everything from staff hand washing compliance to whether a congestive heart patient is actually offered a flu vaccination. One hundred percent of heart failure patients are getting quality care as benchmarked by national organizations, and a medication error reduction process has improved by 35%.

http://www.sas.com/success/mainemedicalcenter.html

In November 2009, the Central Maine Medical Group (CMMG) announced the launch of a prevention and screening campaign called “Saving Lives Through Evidence-Based Medicine.” The new initiative is employed to redesign the ways that it works as a team of providers to make certain that each of our patients undergoes the necessary screening tests identified by the current medical literature using data-mining techniques. In particular, data-mining process identifies someone at risk for an undetected health problem http://www.cmmc.org/news.taf].

B.5 DATA MINING IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Enormous amounts of data have been generated in science and engineering, for example, in cosmology, molecular biology, and chemical engineering. In cosmology, advanced computational tools are needed to help astronomers understand the origin of large-scale cosmological structures as well as the formation and evolution of their astrophysical components (galaxies, quasars, and clusters). Over 3 terabytes of image data have been collected by the Digital Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, which contain on the order of 2 billion sky objects. It has been a challenging task for astronomers to catalog the entire data set, that is, a record of the sky location of each object and its corresponding classification such as a star or a galaxy. The Sky Image Cataloguing and Analysis Tool (SKICAT) has been developed to automate this task. The SKICAT system integrates methods from machine learning, image processing, classification, and databases, and it is reported to be able to classify objects, replacing visual classification, with high accuracy.

In molecular biology, recent technological advances are applied in such areas as molecular genetics, protein sequencing, and macro-molecular structure determination as was mentioned earlier. Artificial neural networks and some advanced statistical methods have shown particular promise in these applications. In chemical engineering, advanced models have been used to describe the interaction among various chemical processes, and also new tools have been developed to obtain a visualization of these structures and processes. Let us have a brief look at a few important cases of data-mining applications in engineering problems. Pavilion Technologies’ Process Insights, an application-development tool that combines neural networks, fuzzy logic, and statistical methods has been successfully used by Eastman Kodak and other companies to develop chemical manufacturing and control applications to reduce waste, improve product quality, and increase plant throughput. Historical process data is used to build a predictive model of plant behavior and this model is then used to change the control set points in the plant for optimization.

DataEnginee is another data-mining tool that has been used in a wide range of engineering applications, especially in the process industry. The basic components of the tool are neural networks, fuzzy logic, and advanced graphical user interfaces. The tool has been applied to process analysis in the chemical, steel, and rubber industries, resulting in a saving in input materials and improvements in quality and productivity. Successful data-mining applications in some industrial complexes and engineering environments follow.

Boeing

To improve its manufacturing process, Boeing has successfully applied machine-learning algorithms to the discovery of informative and useful rules from its plant data. In particular, it has been found that it is more beneficial to seek concise predictive rules that cover small subsets of the data, rather than generate general decision trees. A variety of rules were extracted to predict such events as when a manufactured part is likely to fail inspection or when a delay will occur at a particular machine. These rules have been found to facilitate the identification of relatively rare but potentially important anomalies.

R.R. Donnelly

This is an interesting application of data-mining technology in printing press control. During rotogravure printing, grooves sometimes develop on the printing cylinder, ruining the final product. This phenomenon is known as banding. The printing company R.R. Donnelly hired a consultant for advice on how to reduce its banding problems, and at