Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction by Allen Guelzo (icecream ebook reader txt) 📗

Yellin and John C. Van Horne (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 243–44.

97. John L. Thomas, The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 137; Nye, William Lloyd Garrison, 54, 98–100; Calhoun, “Incendiary Publications,” February 4, 1836, Congressional Globe, 24th Congress, 1st Session, 165.

98. Donald B. Cole, A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 200–201.

99. Stephen M. Feldman, Free Expression and Democracy in America: A History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 126.

100. Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters (Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1857), 29–30.

101. William Edward Dodd, The Life of Nathaniel Macon (Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton, 1903), 313.

102. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, in William Montgomery Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun (New York: G. E. Stechert, 1917), 1:419.

103. Calhoun, “Speech on the Oregon Bill,” June 27, 1848, in Union and Liberty, 543; Garrison, “Massachusetts Resolutions,” May 3, 1844, in Documents of Upheaval, 201.

1. William Pitt Fessenden, “The Kansas and Nebraska Bill—Debate,” March 3, 1854, Congressional Globe, 33rd Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 323.

2. Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 74–75.

3. Thomas W. Cobb, “Missouri State,” March 2, 1819, Annals of Congress, 24th Congress, 2nd session, 143.

4. Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence and Papers, 1816–1826, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1905), 12:158.

5. Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 184.

6. Frederic Logan Paxson, The Independence of the South American Republics: A Study in Recognition and Foreign Policy (Philadelphia: Ferris and Leach, 1916), 105–27; Teresa A. Meade, A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 70.

7. Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 20–32.

8. Virgil Maxcy to Calhoun, December 10, 1843, Correspondence of John C. Calhoun, Volume 2, Part 2, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900), 903.

9. Clay to Thomas M. Peters and John M. Jackson, July 27, 1844, in The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman, January 1, 1844–June 29, 1852, ed. M. P. Hay and Carol Reardon (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1991), 10:91.

10. Allan Peskin, Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), 175, 191.

11. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, The Life of Robert Toombs (New York: Macmillan, 1913), 68.

12. Speech of Mr. Stephens, of Georgia, On the War and Taxation, February 2, 1848 (Washington, DC: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1848), 14.

13. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in Memoirs and Selected Letters, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 41, 83.

14. Douglass, “The War with Mexico,” January 21, 1848, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International, 1950), 1:293; John Pendleton Kennedy, “The Annexation of Texas,” in Political and Official Papers (New York: Putnam, 1872), 608.

15. Chaplain W. Morrison, Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 18.

16. Polk, diary entry for February 22, 1849, in The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849, ed. Milo M. Quaife (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), 4:347.

17. William Dusinberre, Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 141–48; Robert W. Merry, A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 453–60; Polk, Special Message to Congress, August 14, 1848, in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1908, ed. J. D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 4:608.

18. Jefferson Davis, “Slavery in the Territories,” February 13, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 149; John Calhoun, “The Slavery Question,” February 19, 1847, Congressional Globe, 29th Congress, 2nd Session, 455.

19. Cass to A. O. P. Nicholson, December 24, 1847, in William T. Young, Sketch of the Life and Public Services of General Lewis Cass (Detroit: Markham and Elwood, 1852), 321, 323.

20. Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 69.

21. Frederick J. Blue, The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848–54 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 296.

22. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 368–70.

23. Holman Hamilton, Zachary Taylor: Soldier in the White House (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951), 45, 142–43, 168–70; K. Jack Bauer, Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 291; Michael F. Holt, The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 58–61.

24. Remini, Henry Clay, 688–90.

25. Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964; Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 95.

26. John Calhoun, “The Compromise,” March 4, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 451, 455.

27. Daniel Webster, “The Compromise,” March 7, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 476; Irving Bartlett, Daniel Webster (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 116–21.

28. “Compromise Resolutions—Speech of Mr. Clay,” February 5–6, 1850, in Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 127; Remini, Henry Clay, 737.

29. William Gardner, Life of Stephen A. Douglas (Boston: Roxburgh Press, 1905), 12–13, 14, 15–17, 19–20, 25, 29, 48; Clark E. Carr, Stephen A. Douglas: His Life, Public Services, Speeches, and Patriotism (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1909), 7; Douglas, “Autobiographical Sketch,” in The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas, ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1961), 62, 68; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 30–31, 56, 68, 87, 97.

30. Douglas, “Slavery in