What Is Art? - Leo Tolstoy (life books to read TXT) đ
- Author: Leo Tolstoy
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⊠Si un ĂȘtre dâune intelligence moyenne, et dâune prĂ©paration littĂ©raire insuffisante, ouvre par hasard un livre ainsi fait et prĂ©tend en jouir, il y a malentendu, il faut remettre les choses Ă leur place. Il doit y avoir toujours Ă©nigme en poĂšsie, et câest le but de la littĂ©rature, il nây en a pas dâautreâ âdâĂ©voquer les objets.
ââ âEnquĂȘte sur lâĂ©volution littĂ©raire,â Jules Huret, pp. 60, 61.69Thus is obscurity elevated into a dogma among the new poets. As the French critic Doumic (who has not yet accepted the dogma) quite correctly says:â â
âIl serait temps aussi dâen finir avec cette fameuse âthĂ©orie de lâobscuritĂ©â que la nouvelle Ă©cole a Ă©levĂ©e, en effet, Ă la hauteur dâun dogme.â
ââ Les Jeunes, par RenĂ© Doumic.70But it is not French writers only who think thus. The poets of all other countries think and act in the same way: German, and Scandinavian, and Italian, and Russian, and English. So also do the artists of the new period in all branches of art: in painting, in sculpture, and in music. Relying on Nietzsche and Wagner, the artists of the new age conclude that it is unnecessary for them to be intelligible to the vulgar crowd; it is enough for them to evoke poetic emotion in âthe finest nurtured,â to borrow a phrase from an English aesthetician.
In order that what I am saying may not seem to be mere assertion, I will quote at least a few examples from the French poets who have led this movement. The name of these poets is legion. I have taken French writers, because they, more decidedly than any others, indicate the new direction of art, and are imitated by most European writers.
Besides those whose names are already considered famous, such as Baudelaire and Verlaine, here are the names of a few of them: Jean MorĂ©as, Charles Morice, Henri de RĂ©gnier, Charles Vignier, Adrien Remacle, RenĂ© Ghil, Maurice Maeterlinck, G. Albert Aurier, RĂ©my de Gourmont, Saint-Pol-Roux-le-Magnifique, Georges Rodenbach, le comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac. These are Symbolists and Decadents. Next we have the âMagiâ: JosĂ©phin PĂ©ladan, Paul Adam, Jules Bois, M. Papus, and others.
Besides these, there are yet one hundred and forty-one others, whom Doumic mentions in the book referred to above.
Here are some examples from the work of those of them who are considered to be the best, beginning with that most celebrated man, acknowledged to be a great artist worthy of a monumentâ âBaudelaire. This is a poem from his celebrated Fleurs du Mal:â â
No. XXIV
Je tâadore Ă lâĂ©gal de la voĂ»te nocturne,
O vase de tristesse, ĂŽ grande taciturne,
Et tâaime dâautant plus, belle, que tu me fuis,
Et que tu me parais, ornement de mes nuits,
Plus ironiquement accumuler les lieues
Qui séparent mes bras des immensités bleues.
Je mâavance Ă lâattaque, et je grimpe aux assauts,
Comme aprĂšs un cadavre un chĆur de vermisseaux,
Et je chĂ©ris, ĂŽ bĂȘte implacable et cruelle,
JusquâĂ cette froideur par oĂč tu mâes plus belle!71
And this is another by the same writer:â â
No. XXXVI
Duellum
Deux guerriers ont couru lâun sur lâautre; leurs armes
Ont Ă©claboussĂ© lâair de lueurs et de sang.
Ces jeux, ces cliquetis du fer sont les vacarmes
Dâune jeunesse en proie Ă lâamour vagissant.
Les glaives sont brisés! comme notre jeunesse,
Ma chÚre! Mais les dents, les ongles acérés,
Vengent bientĂŽt lâĂ©pĂ©e et la dague traĂźtresse.
O fureur des cĆurs mĂ»rs par lâamour ulcĂ©rĂ©s!
Dans le ravin hanté des chats-pards et des onces
Nos hĂ©ros, sâĂ©treignant mĂ©chamment, ont roulĂ©,
Et leur peau fleurira lâariditĂ© des ronces.
Ce gouffre, câest lâenfer, de nos amis peuplĂ©!
Roulons-y sans remords, amazone inhumaine,
Afin dâĂ©terniser lâardeur de notre haine!72
To be exact, I should mention that the collection contains verses less comprehensible than these, but not one poem which is plain and can be understood without a certain effortâ âan effort seldom rewarded, for the feelings which the poet transmits are evil and very low ones. And these feelings are always, and purposely, expressed by him with eccentricity and lack of clearness. This premeditated obscurity is especially noticeable in his prose, where the author could, if he liked, speak plainly.
Take, for instance, the first piece from his Petits PoĂšmes:â â
LâĂ©tranger
Qui aimes-tu le mieux, homme Ă©nigmatique, dis? ton pĂšre, ta mĂšre, ta sĆur, ou ton frĂšre?
Je nâai ni pĂšre, ni mĂšre, ni sĆur, ni frĂšre.
Tes amis?
Vous vous servez lĂ dâune parole dont le sens mâest restĂ© jusquâ Ă ce jour inconnu.
Ta patrie?
Jâignore sous quelle latitude elle est situĂ©e.
La beauté?
Je lâaimerais volontiers, dĂ©esse et immortelle.
Lâor?
Je le hais comme vous haĂŻssez Dieu.
Et qu âaimes-tu donc, extraordinaire Ă©tranger?
Jâaime les nuagesâ ââ ⊠les nuages qui passentâ ââ ⊠lĂ bas,â ââ ⊠les merveilleux nuages!
The piece called âLa Soupe et les Nuagesâ is probably intended to express the unintelligibility of the poet even to her whom he loves. This is the piece in question:â â
Ma petite folle bien-aimĂ©e me donnait Ă dĂźner, et par la fenĂȘtre ouverte de la salle Ă manger je contemplais les mouvantes architectures que Dieu fait avec les vapeurs, les merveilleuses constructions de lâimpalpable. Et je me disais, Ă travers ma contemplation: âToutes ces fantasmagories sont presque aussi belles que les yeux de ma belle bien-aimĂ©e, la petite folle monstrueuse aux yeux verts.â
Et tout Ă coup je reçus un violent coup de poing dans le dos, et jâentendis une voix rauque et charmante, une voix hystĂ©rique et comme enrouĂ©e par lâeau-de-vie, la voix de ma chĂšre petite bien-aimĂ©e, qui me disait, âAllez-vous bientĂŽt manger votre soupe, sâ ââ ⊠bâ ââ ⊠de marchand de nuages?â73
However artificial these two pieces may be, it is still possible, with some effort, to guess at what the author meant them to express, but some of the pieces are absolutely incomprehensibleâ âat least to me. Le Galant Tireur is a piece I was quite unable to understand.
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