Prime Theory - Laurentiu Mihaescu (best chinese ebook reader .txt) 📗

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Prime Theory

Laurentiu Mihaescu

All of nature's forces in a single theory!

www.1theory.com

Fifth edition, December 2018

English translation: Laurentiu Mihaescu

Revision: Doina Lereanu

Copyright © 2014, 2015 by Laurentiu Mihaescu. All rights reserved.

The copyright law protects this digital book, which is intended for personal use only. You may display its content on a computer screen or on a compatible reading device. Any reproduction, printing, lending, exchanging, or trading, including distribution in any form over the Internet or in print is strictly forbidden.

Premius Publishing, 2015, www.premius.ro

ISBN 978-606-93843-4-3

1. INTRODUCTION

Why this theory?

Because we still do not have a unified and complete theory of the Universe at this moment. Because it is not reasonable to believe that interactions simply propagate through space and exert some influence at a distance, without the presence of an intermediary agent. Because the actual physics does not offer coherent explanations or theories of mass, gravity, electric charge, fields and elementary particles. Because the Theory of Relativity (Einstein) alone cannot create the whole foundation of the physics domain. Because the modern Standard Model of particle physics is incomplete, very abstract and it does not explain some basic concepts and principles.

In our time, with all the large particle accelerators and the unprecedented evolution of science in general, a complete model of the reality we are facing is still not available. Complex theories are describing the phenomena, the fields and the interactions. Vast quantities of experimental data and scientific observations accumulate, but they still do not reach the critical level needed to make qualitative improvements in explaining the elementary notions used by these theories. However, no philosophical, mathematical or any other form of barrier can stop us from discovering everything, because our thinking powers, our sense, logic and technology are continuously growing and developing. This means we are evolving every day and will eventually overcome all potential obstacles.

Any experimental limitations, any principles or theorems that deny our possibility to fully understand the close system named Universe may be surpassed by the human creativity and intelligence. This statement represents my optimistic vision on human knowledge, being in fact a general postulate that is formulated right in the Prime Theory's introductive words.

It was my passion for electronics and physics, arising in early school years, which led me to eventually become an electronic engineer. The experience acquired until now in this field, at first mostly practical, was reinforced by a logical and mathematical exercise in the field of information technology; all this helped me gain a complex and interdisciplinary view of the surrounding reality. The decision to dedicate time to this theory came from noticing the lack of concrete accents in modern physics (especially in quantum mechanics and astrophysics), which through an excessive number of abstract theoretical models moved away from the objective meaning of things, at both largest and smallest scales. Equally important was the lack of unanimously accepted theories on fundamental physical quantities, concepts and phenomena, such as gravity, mass or electric charge. A descriptive approach, causal and logical, without complicated mathematical equations that may easily hide the significance of real phenomena, was likely to shed more light upon these matters.

Conceived to comprehend and to integrate as much as possible of nature's essence and principles, the Prime Theory is entirely based on the classical and relativistic mechanics; however, some new laws and postulates were added as a personal contribution. To keep it simple, intuitive and very accessible, all of its important statements are followed by graphic representations and geometric drawings. This theory tries to explain in detail some new concepts, such as the granularity of space and the interactions of the elementary units of matter, also some new rules that could be considered as the most fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. My hope is that a new perspective will help building a more solid basis of all modern physics and, equally important, will allow us to clearly see the true nature of reality.

2. SPACE

2.1. Initial hypothesis

Space is the unique constituent of our Universe. Matter represents a special form of space in which the elementary components are in a structured state. Mass, energy and time are physical quantities derived from some special features of these material components of space.

This hypothesis changes the paradigm of whole physics: the genesis, evolution and dynamics of space are the base for the formation, shaping, motion and transformation of all things in the Universe. All the quantities and constants of physics are thus determined only by space, through its parameters at a given moment. The emergence of space means the emergence of the Universe. For a detailed analysis, we may consider as a starting point some current cosmological theories and models (temporarily taken for granted), such as the Big Bang and the theory of cosmic inflation.

2.2. Characteristics

A precise definition is needed at first in order to clarify the meaning of the word space within this theory. In Newtonian mechanics, space is considered a three-dimensional empty framework, homogeneous and isotropic, with a linear metric, continuous, uniform and infinite, where matter can move and transform, waves can propagate and fields can exert their actions. Space has in some way an absolute nature, as does its measurement unit, presumed invariant in relation to other physical quantities also considered as constant in time. Time flows uniformly in this frame, at a constant rate, and a body may move freely, at any speed.

Experiments have proven, however, that this simplified view is not accurate. There is a maximum value for speed in our Universe, the speed of light in vacuum, and in any frame of reference, it has to be considered a universal physical constant (as postulated by the Theory of Relativity). This fact, in addition to the invariance of the laws of physics under a shift of inertial reference frames, fundamentally changes the way space, time, mass and energy are to be described. These physical quantities are no longer constant and uniform; they depend upon the relative speed at which the object in a frame of reference moves toward an observer and upon the presence of gravitational fields. As an absolute frame of reference is not introduced yet in the modern physics, the relativity laws and their consequences are the mandatory concepts we have to use in any unified theory of our world.

Widening the perspective on things, we may realize that our location is right in the middle of the universe we wish to describe and understand. This is the reason why we cannot exactly "see" everything that is going on, especially if our Universe is closed and finite. We are not able to relate to anything outside this system, and all physical quantities should be defined in a relative and limited manner, with localized and temporary values that are just assumed as being absolute constants.

Let's make a simple mental exercise, presuming we are observers from outside the Universe, witnessing the moment it was born and its first seconds of existence. According to the current theories, we should notice at this time zero the so-called "singularity": an enormous concentration of immovable primal matter (of infinitesimal size), which suddenly comes out of the stable state of high-density and high internal cohesion by a huge "explosion". The word matter (not energy) is in the right place, as my main presumption is that the raw material of this primordial matter is the actual constituent of the ordinary matter's structures; moreover, it will also represent, in the broader area of this theory, the unique ingredient of space.

The Big Bang "explosion" has therefore created all the components of space and has triggered its expansion process (seen as three-dimensional framework). Now, when there is a "place" and "something" to move through, it makes sense to introduce some new matter-related concepts, such as motion, speed, time and energy. It has to be mentioned that the current view of physics on the Big Bang event does not consider it as an explosion of matter that fills an empty space, but an inflationary process of space itself - which was expanding along with the concentrated energy. Also, the exact origin of the energy (or matter, as in my model) contained inside that singularity is still unknown. Prime Theory considers that space has a dual nature, namely:

It is a three-dimensional, finite, linear, uniform, empty framework created in the primordial "explosion". The energy of this event determined an accelerated expansion of the spatial framework in the beginning, and the presumed uniformity and symmetry of that singularity implies it kept an almost perfect ball-shaped form during the process. It is a pseudo-fluid made up of an infinite number of identical spatial "granules" - bits of matter that are freely moving inside the three-dimensional frame mentioned above; the specific properties of this fluid will be discussed in Chapter 3.

The "explosion" of that singularity happened in an instant; the super-concentrated "raw material" has exponentially increased in volume and divided into an extremely large number of infinitesimal elements called "granules". At that very moment, all the primordial energy of the singularity was transferred to these granules in the form of kinetic energy.

My alternative scenario presumes that the motion of these granules will generate the three-dimensional space and will expand it continuously. Moreover, the spatial expansion does not require any energy consumption; it represents only a geometric increase in volume made by the granules through free motion or through their collisions with an elastic medium. Seen from the outer reference frame proposed above, the expansion of the newly born Universe takes place at a very high speed, probably over the actual speed of light in vacuum, c. However, it is reasonable to assume that the expansion speed has a lower value than C, the speed from the Granular Postulate #1, Section 3.1.

All the granules formed in the primordial explosion will normally move in radial directions; as soon as the first ones reach the space borders, they are reflected back and thus the inter-granular collisions will start happening. Due to the expected irregularities in the distribution of the granular density, a huge number of granular aggregations will be formed immediately, leading to the creation of the first elementary particles; these elementary structures will soon group into composite particles and simple atoms, finally creating the ordinary matter.

3. GRANULARITY

3.1. Granular postulates

If the hypothetical genesis process from above holds true, then the spatial granules may be declared the smallest division of matter and also the smallest form of elementary, pure energy. They represent the primary constituent of space and of the Universe in general, being the key element of this theory. The fundamental properties of these tiny bits of matter are:

Granules, as constitutive elements of space, have the smallest possible size in the Universe. We may assimilate them with spheroids of diameter d, a value which is about the Planck's length [3] or lower (for comparison, there are many other dimensions listed in Appendix 6). All of the granules are the same size; therefore, they are identical and equivalent corpuscles. They are mobile, moving freely in straight line, at a constant speed. Their absolute speed is the maximum possible speed in the Universe, and this determines a speed limit for the movement of particles and the propagation of waves. All of the granular collisions are perfectly elastic. There is no other kind of