Decline of Science in England - Charles Babbage (reading well .txt) 📗
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frame or to alter the necessary statutes, so that they may be in
strict accordance with the charters.
In concluding the Report, your Committee do not wish to disguise
the magnitude of some of the measures they have thought it their
duty to propose; on the contrary, they would not only urge the
fullest discussion of their expediency; but further, that if you
should even be unanimously disposed to confirm them, your
Committee would recommend, that the several statutes, when they
have been drawn up or modified, should be only entered on your
minutes, and not finally enacted. All innovations in the
constitution, or even the habits of the Royal Society, should be
scrutinized with the most jealous circumspection. It is enough
for the present Council to have traced the plan; let the Council
of the ensuing sessions share the credit of carrying that plan
into effect.
This Report was presented to the Council very ]ate in the session
of 1827, and on the 25th of June there occurs the following entry
on the council-book:—
“The Report of the Committee for considering the best means of
limiting the number of members, and such other suggestions as
they may think conducive to the good of the Society, was received
and read, and ordered to be entered on the minutes; and the
Council, regarding the importance of the subject, and its
bearings on the essential interests of the Society, in conformity
with the concluding paragraph, and considering also the advanced
stage of the session, recommend it to the most serious and early
consideration of the Council for the ensuing year.”
Those who advocated these alterations, were in no hurry for their
hasty adoption; they were aware of their magnitude, and anxious
for the fullest investigation before one of them should be tried.
Unfortunately, the concluding recommendation of the Committee did
not coincide with the views of Mr. Gilbert, whom the party had
determined to make their new President. That gentleman made such
arrangements for the Council of the succeeding year, that when
the question respecting the consideration of the Report of that
Committee was brought forward, it was thrown aside in the manner
I have stated. Thus a report, sanctioned by the names of such a
committee, and recommended by one Council to “THE MOST SERIOUS
and EARLY consideration of the Council for the ensuing year,” was
by that very Council rejected, without even the ceremony of
discussing its merits. Was every individual recommendation it
contained, not merely unfit to be adopted, but so totally
deficient in plausibility as to be utterly unworthy of
discussion? Or did the President and his officers feel, that
their power rested on an insecure foundation, and that they did
not possess the confidence of the working members of the
Society?
CHAPTER V.
OF OBSERVATIONS.
There are several reflections connected with the art of making
observations and experiments, which may be conveniently arranged
in this chapter.
SECTION 1.
OF MINUTE PRECISION.
No person will deny that the highest degree of attainable
accuracy is an object to be desired, and it is generally found
that the last advances towards precision require a greater
devotion of time, labour, and expense, than those which precede
them. The first steps in the path of discovery, and the first
approximate measures, are those which add most to the existing
knowledge of mankind.
The extreme accuracy required in some of our modern inquiries
has, in some respects, had an unfortunate influence, by favouring
the opinion, that no experiments are valuable, unless the
measures are most minute, and the accordance amongst them most
perfect. It may, perhaps, be of some use to show, that even with
large instruments, and most practised observers, this is but
rarely the case. The following extract is taken from a
representation made by the present Astronomer-Royal, to the
Council of the Royal Society, on the advantages to be derived
from the employment of two mural circles:—
“That by observing, with two instruments, the same objects at the
same time, and in the same manner, we should be able to estimate
how much of that OCCASIONAL DISCORDANCE FROM THE MEAN, which
attends EVEN THE MOST CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS, ought to be
attributed to irregularity of refraction, and how much to THE
IMPERFECTIONS OF INSTRUMENTS.”
In confirmation of this may be adduced the opinion of the late M.
Delambre, which is the more important, from the statement it
contains relative to the necessity of publishing all the
observations which have been made.
“Mais quelque soit le parti que l’on prefere, il me semble qu’on
doit tout publier. Ces irregularites memes sont des faits qu’il
importe de connoitre. LES SOINS LES PLUS ATTENTIFS N’EN
SAUROIENT PRESERVER LES OBSERVATEURS LES PLUS EXERCES, et celui
qui ne produiroit que des angles toujours parfaitment d’accord
auroit ete singulierement bien servi par les circonstances ou ne
seroit pas bien sincere.”—BASE DU SYSTEME METRIQUE, Discours
Preliminaire, p. 158.
This desire for extreme accuracy has called away the attention of
experimenters from points of far greater importance, and it seems
to have been too much overlooked in the present day, that genius
marks its tract, not by the observation of quantities
inappreciable to any but the acutest senses, but by placing
Nature in such circumstances, that she is forced to record her
minutest variations on so magnified a scale, that an observer,
possessing ordinary faculties, shall find them legibly written.
He who can see portions of matter beyond the ken of the rest of
his species, confers an obligation on them, by recording what he
sees; but their knowledge depends both on his testimony and on
his judgment. He who contrives a method of rendering such atoms
visible to ordinary observers, communicates to mankind an
instrument of discovery, and stamps his own observations with a
character, alike independent of testimony or of judgment.
SECTION 2.
ON THE ART OF OBSERVING.
The remarks in this section are not proposed for the assistance
of those who are already observers, but are intended to show to
persons not familiar with the subject, that in observations
demanding no unrivalled accuracy, the principles of common sense
may be safely trusted, and that any gentleman of liberal
education may, by perseverance and attention, ascertain the
limits within which he may trust both his instrument and himself.
If the instrument is a divided one, the first thing is to learn
to read the verniers. If the divisions are so fine that the
coincidence is frequently doubtful, the best plan will be for the
learner to get some acquaintance who is skilled in the use of
instruments, and having set the instrument at hazard, to write
down the readings of the verniers, and then request his friend to
do the same; whenever there is any difference, he should
carefully examine the doubtful one, and ask his friend to point
out the minute peculiarities on which he founds his decision.
This should be repeated frequently; and after some practice, he
should note how many times in a hundred his reading differs from
his friend’s, and also how many divisions they usually differ.
The next point is, to ascertain the precision with which the
learner can bisect an object with the wires of the telescope.
This can be done without assistance. It is not necessary even to
adjust the instrument, but merely to point it to a distant
object. When it bisects any remarkable point, read off the
verniers, and write down the result; then displace the telescope
a little, and adjust it again. A series of such observations
will show the confidence which is due to the observer’s eye in
bisecting an object, and also in reading the verniers; and as the
first direction gave him some measure of the latter, he may, in a
great measure, appreciate his skill in the former. He should
also, when he finds a deviation in the reading, return to the
telescope, and satisfy himself if he has made the bisection as
complete as he can. In general, the student should practise each
adjustment separately, and write down the results wherever he can
measure its deviations.
Having thus practised the adjustments, the next step is to make
an observation; but in order to try both himself and the
instrument, let him take the altitude of some fixed object, a
terrestrial one, and having registered the result, let him
derange the adjustment, and repeat the process fifty or a hundred
times. This will not merely afford him excellent practice, but
enable him to judge of his own skill.
The first step in the use of every instrument, is to find the
limits within which its employer can measure the SAME OBJECT
UNDER THE SAME CIRCUMSTANCES. It is only from a knowledge of
this, that he can have confidence in his measures of the SAME
OBJECT UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES, and after that, of
DIFFERENT OBJECTS UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES.
These principles are applicable to almost all instruments. If a
person is desirous of ascertaining heights by a mountain
barometer, let him begin by adjusting the instrument in his own
study; and having made the upper contact, let him write down the
reading of the vernier, and then let him derange the UPPER
adjustment ONLY, re-adjust, and repeat the reading. When he is
satisfied about the limits within which he can make that
adjustment, let him do the same repeatedly with the lower; but
let him not, until he knows his own errors in reading and
adjusting, pronounce upon those of the instrument. In the case
of a barometer, he must also be assured, that the temperature of
the mercury does not change during the interval.
A friend once brought to me a beautifully constructed piece of
mechanism, for marking minute portions of time; the three-hundredth parts of a second were indicated by it. It was a kind
of watch, with a pin for stopping one of the hands. I proposed
that we should each endeavour to stop it twenty times in
succession, at the same point. We were both equally unpractised,
and our first endeavours showed that we could not be confident of
the twentieth part of a second. In fact, both the time occupied
in causing the extremities of the fingers to obey the volition,
as well as the time employed in compressing the flesh before the
fingers acted on the stop, appeared to influence the accuracy of
our observations. From some few experiments I made, I thought I
perceived that the rapidity of the transmission of the effects of
the will, depended on the state of fatigue or health of the body.
If any one were to make experiments on this subject, it might be
interesting, to compare the rapidity of the transmission of
volition in different persons, with the time occupied in
obliterating an impression made on one of the senses of the same
persons. For example, by having a mechanism to make a piece of
ignited charcoal revolve with different degrees of velocity, some
persons will perceive a continuous circle of light before others,
whose retina does not retain so long impressions that are made
upon it.
SECTION 3.
ON THE FRAUDS OF OBSERVERS.
Scientific inquiries are more exposed than most others to the
inroads of pretenders; and I feel that I shall deserve the thanks
of all who really value truth, by stating some of the methods of
deceiving practised by unworthy claimants for its honours, whilst
the mere circumstance of their arts being known may deter future
offenders.
There are several species of impositions that have been practised
in science, which are but little known, except to the initiated,
and which it may perhaps be possible to render quite intelligible
to ordinary understandings. These may be classed under the heads
of hoaxing,
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