Write It Right - Ambrose Bierce (a book to read txt) 📗

AIMS AND THE PLAN

The author's main purpose in this book is to teach precision in writing; and of good writing (which, essentially, is clear thinking made visible) precision is the point of capital concern. It is attained by choice of the word that accurately and adequately expresses what the writer has in mind, and by exclusion of that which either denotes or connotes something else. As Quintilian puts it, the writer should so write that his reader not only may, but must, understand.

Few words have more than one literal and serviceable meaning, however many metaphorical, derivative, related, or even unrelated, meanings lexicographers may think it worth while to gather from all sorts and conditions of men, with which to bloat their absurd and misleading dictionaries. This actual and serviceable meaning--not always determined by derivation, and seldom by popular usage--is the one affirmed, according to his light, by the author of this little manual of solecisms. Narrow etymons of the mere scholar and loose locutions of the ignorant are alike denied a standing.

The plan of the book is more illustrative than expository, the aim being to use the terms of etymology and syntax as little as is compatible with clarity, familiar example being more easily apprehended than technical precept. When both are employed the precept is commonly given after the example has prepared the student to apply it, not only to the matter in mind, but to similar matters not mentioned. Everything in quotation marks is to be understood as disapproved.

Not all locutions blacklisted herein are always to be reprobated as universal outlaws. Excepting in the case of capital offenders--expressions ancestrally vulgar or irreclaimably degenerate--absolute proscription is possible as to serious composition only; in other forms the writer must rely on his sense of values and the fitness of things. While it is true that some colloquialisms and, with less of license, even some slang, may be sparingly employed in light literature, for point, piquancy or any of the purposes of the skilled writer sensible to the necessity and charm of keeping at least one foot on the ground, to others the virtue of restraint may be commended as distinctly superior to the joy of indulgence.

Precision is much, but not all; some words and phrases are disallowed on the ground of taste. As there are neither standards nor arbiters of taste, the book can do little more than reflect that of its author, who is far indeed from professing impeccability. In neither taste nor precision is any man's practice a court of last appeal, for writers all, both great and small, are habitual sinners against the light; and their accuser is cheerfully aware that his own work will supply (as in making this book it has supplied) many "awful examples"--his later work less abundantly, he hopes, than his earlier. He nevertheless believes that this does not disqualify him for showing by other instances than his own how not to write. The infallible teacher is still in the forest primeval, throwing seeds to the white blackbirds.

A.B.



THE BLACKLIST

_A_ for _An_. "A hotel." "A heroic man." Before an unaccented aspirate use an. The contrary usage in this country comes of too strongly stressing our aspirates.

_Action_ for _Act_. "In wrestling, a blow is a reprehensible action." A blow is not an action but an act. An action may consist of many acts.

_Admission_ for _Admittance_. "The price of admission is one dollar."

_Admit_ for _Confess_. To admit is to concede something affirmed. An unaccused offender cannot admit his guilt.

_Adopt_. "He adopted a disguise." One may adopt a child, or an opinion, but a disguise is assumed.

_Advisedly_ for _Advertently_, _Intentionally_. "It was done advisedly" should mean that it was done after advice.

_Afford_. It is not well to say "the fact affords a reasonable presumption"; "the house afforded ample accommodation." The fact supplies a reasonable presumption. The house offered, or gave, ample accommodation.

_Afraid_. Do not say, "I am afraid it will rain." Say, I fear that it will rain.

_Afterwards_ for _Afterward_.

_Aggravate_ for _Irritate_. "He aggravated me by his insolence." To aggravate is to augment the disagreeableness of something already disagreeable, or the badness of something bad. But a person cannot be aggravated, even if disagreeable or bad. Women are singularly prone to misuse of this word.

_All of_. "He gave all of his property." The words are contradictory: an entire thing cannot be of itself. Omit the preposition.

_Alleged_. "The alleged murderer." One can allege a murder, but not a murderer; a crime, but not a criminal. A man that is merely suspected of crime would not, in any case, be an alleged criminal, for an allegation is a definite and positive statement. In their tiresome addiction to this use of alleged, the newspapers, though having mainly in mind the danger of libel suits, can urge in further justification the lack of any other single word that exactly expresses their meaning; but the fact that a mud-puddle supplies the shortest route is not a compelling reason for walking through it. One can go around.

_Allow_ for _Permit_. "I allow you to go." Precision is better attained by saying permit, for allow has other meanings.

_Allude to_ for _Mention_. What is alluded to is not mentioned, but referred to indirectly. Originally, the word implied a playful, or sportive, reference. That meaning is gone out of it.

_And so_. _And yet_. "And so they were married." "And yet a woman." Omit the conjunction.

_And which_. _And who_. These forms are incorrect unless the relative pronoun has been used previously in the sentence. "The colt, spirited and strong, and which was unbroken, escaped from the pasture." "John Smith, one of our leading merchants, and who fell from a window yesterday, died this morning." Omit the conjunction.

_Antecedents_ for _Personal History_. Antecedents are predecessors.

_Anticipate_ for _Expect_. "I anticipate trouble." To anticipate is to act on an expectation in a way to promote or forestall the event expected.

_Anxious_ for _Eager_. "I was anxious to go." Anxious should not be followed by an infinitive. Anxiety is contemplative; eagerness, alert for action.

_Appreciate_ for _Highly Value_. In the sense of value, it means value justly, not highly. In another and preferable sense it means to increase in value.

_Approach_. "The juror was approached"; that is, overtures were made to him with a view to bribing him. As there is no other single word for it, approach is made to serve, figuratively; and being graphic, it is not altogether objectionable.

_Appropriated_ for _Took_. "He appropriated his neighbor's horse to his own use." To appropriate is to set apart, as a sum of money, for a special purpose.

_Approve of_ for _Approve_. There is no sense in making approve an intransitive verb.

_Apt_ for _Likely_. "One is apt to be mistaken." Apt means facile, felicitous, ready, and the like; but even the dictionary-makers cannot persuade a person of discriminating taste to accept it as synonymous with likely.

_Around_ for _About_. "The debris of battle lay around them." "The huckster went around, crying his wares." Around carries the concept of circularity.

_Article_. A good and useful word, but used without meaning by shopkeepers; as, "A good article of vinegar," for a good vinegar.

_As_ for _That_, or _If_. "I do not know as he is living." This error is not very common among those who can write at all, but one sometimes sees it in high place.

_As--as_ for _So--as_. "He is not as good as she." Say, not so good. In affirmative sentences the rule is different: He is as good as she.

_As for_ for _As to_. "As for me, I am well." Say, as to me.

_At Auction_ for _by Auction_. "The goods were sold at auction."

_At_ for _By_. "She was shocked at his conduct." This very common solecism is without excuse.

_Attain_ for _Accomplish_. "By diligence we attain our purpose." A purpose is accomplished; success is attained.

_Authoress_. A needless word--as needless as "poetess."

_Avocation_ for _Vocation_. A vocation is, literally, a calling; that is, a trade or profession. An avocation is something that calls one away from it. If I say that farming is some one's avocation I mean that he practises it, not regularly, but at odd times.

_Avoid_ for _Avert_. "By displaying a light the skipper avoided a collision." To avoid is to shun; the skipper could have avoided a collision only by getting out of the way.

_Avoirdupois_ for _Weight_. Mere slang.

_Back of_ for _Behind_, _At the Back of_. "Back of law is force."

_Backwards_ for _Backward_.

_Badly_ for _Bad_. "I feel badly." "He looks badly." The former sentence implies defective nerves of sensation, the latter, imperfect vision. Use the adjective.

_Balance_ for _Remainder_. "The balance of my time is given to recreation." In this sense balance is a commercial word, and relates to accounting.

_Banquet_. A good enough word in its place, but its place is the dictionary. Say, dinner.

_Bar_ for _Bend_. "Bar sinister." There is no such thing in heraldry as a bar sinister.

_Because_ for _For_. "I knew it was night, because it was dark." "He will not go, because he is ill."

_Bet_ for _Betted_. The verb to bet forms its preterite regularly, as do wet, wed, knit, quit and others that are commonly misconjugated. It seems that we clip our short words more than we do our long.

_Body_ for _Trunk_. "The body lay here, the head there." The body is the entire physical person (as distinguished from the soul, or mind) and the head is a part of it. As distinguished from head, trunk may include the limbs, but anatomically it is the torso only.

_Bogus_ for _Counterfeit_, or _False_. The word is slang; keep it out.

_Both_. This word is frequently misplaced; as, "A large mob, both of men and women." Say, of both men and women.

_Both alike_. "They are both alike." Say, they are alike. One of them could not be alike.

_Brainy_. Pure slang, and singularly disagreeable.

_Bug_ for _Beetle_, or for anything. Do not use it.

_Business_ for _Right_. "He has no business to go there."

_Build_ for _Make_. "Build a fire." "Build a canal." Even "build a tunnel" is not unknown, and probably if the wood-chuck is skilled in the American tongue he speaks of building a hole.

_But_. By many writers this word (in the sense of except) is regarded as a preposition, to be followed by the objective case: "All went but him." It is not a preposition and may take either the nominative or objective case, to agree with the subject or the object of the verb. All went but he. The natives killed all but him.

_But what_. "I did not know but what he was an enemy." Omit what. If condemnation of this dreadful locution seem needless bear the matter in mind in your reading and you will soon be of a different opinion.

_By_ for _Of_. "A man by the name of Brown." Say, of the name. Better than either form is: a man named Brown.

_Calculated_ for _Likely_. "The bad weather is calculated to produce sickness." Calculated implies calculation, design.

_Can_ for _May_. "Can I go fishing?" "He can call on me if he wishes to."

_Candidate_ for _Aspirant_. In American politics, one is not a candidate for