Thoughts Of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus - Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (novels to read for beginners .TXT) 📗
- Author: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
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M. Antoninus Was Born At Rome, A.D. 121, On The 26th Of April. His
Father, Annius Verus, Died While He Was Praetor. His Mother Was Domitia
Calvilla, Also Named Lucilla. The Emperor T. Antoninus Pius Married
Annia Galeria Faustina, The Sister Of Annius Verus, And Was Consequently
The Uncle Of M. Antoninus. When Hadrian Adopted Antoninus Pius And
Declared Him His Successor In The Empire, Antoninus Pius Adopted Both L.
Ceionius Commodus, The Son Of Aelius Caesar, And M. Antoninus, Whose
Original Name Was M. Annius Verus. Antoninus Then Took The Name Of M.
Aelius Aurelius Verus, To Which Was Added The Title Of Caesar In A.D.
139: The Name Aelius Belonged To Hadrian's Family, And Aurelius Was The
Name Of Antoninus Pius. When M. Antoninus Became Augustus, He Dropped
The Name Of Verus And Took The Name Of Antoninus. Accordingly He Is
Generally Named M. Aurelius Antoninus, Or Simply M. Antoninus.
The Youth Was Most Carefully Brought Up. He Thanks The Gods (I. 17) That
He Had Good Grandfathers, Good Parents, A Good Sister, Good Teachers,
Good Associates, Good Kinsmen And Friends, Nearly Everything Good. He
Had The Happy Fortune To Witness The Example Of His Uncle And Adoptive
Father Antoninus Pius, And He Has Recorded In His Word (I. 16; Vi. 30)
The Virtues Of The Excellent Man And Prudent Ruler. Like Many Young
Romans He Tried His Hand At Poetry And Studied Rhetoric. Herodes Atticus
And M. Cornelius Fronto Were His Teachers In Eloquence. There Are Extant
Letters Between Fronto And Marcus,[A] Which Show The Great Affection Of
The Pupil For The Master, And The Master's Great Hopes Of His
Industrious Pupil. M. Antoninus Mentions Fronto (I. 11) Among Those To
Whom He Was Indebted For His Education.
Story 1 (Biographical Sketch Of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) Pg 2
[A] M. Cornelii Frontonis Reliquiae, Berlin, 1816. There Are A
Few Letters Between Fronto And Antoninus Pius.
When He Was Eleven Years Old, He Assumed The Dress Of Philosophers,
Something Plain And Coarse, Became A Hard Student, And Lived A Most
Laborious, Abstemious Life, Even So Far As To Injure His Health.
Finally, He Abandoned Poetry And Rhetoric For Philosophy, And He
Attached Himself To The Sect Of The Stoics. But He Did Not Neglect The
Study Of Law, Which Was A Useful Preparation For The High Place Which He
Was Designed To Fill. His Teacher Was L. Volusianus Maecianus, A
Distinguished Jurist. We Must Suppose That He Learned The Roman
Discipline Of Arms, Which Was A Necessary Part Of The Education Of A Man
Who Afterwards Led His Troops To Battle Against A Warlike Race.
Antoninus Has Recorded In His First Book The Names Of His Teachers, And
The Obligations Which He Owed To Each Of Them. The Way In Which He
Speaks Of What He Learned From Them Might Seem To Savor Of Vanity Or
Self-Praise, If We Look Carelessly At The Way In Which He Has Expressed
Himself; But If Any One Draws This Conclusion, He Will Be Mistaken.
Antoninus Means To Commemorate The Merits Of His Several Teachers, What
They Taught, And What A Pupil Might Learn From Them. Besides, This Book,
Like The Eleven Other Books, Was For His Own Use; And If We May Trust
The Note At The End Of The First Book, It Was Written During One Of M.
Antoninus' Campaigns Against The Quadi, At A Time When The Commemoration
Of The Virtues Of His Illustrious Teachers Might Remind Him Of Their
Lessons And The Practical Uses Which He Might Derive From Them.
Among His Teachers Of Philosophy Was Sextus Of Chaeroneia, A Grandson Of
Plutarch. What He Learned From This Excellent Man Is Told By Himself (I.
9). His Favorite Teacher Was Q. Junius Rusticus (I. 7), A Philosopher,
And Also A Man Of Practical Good Sense In Public Affairs. Rusticus Was
The Adviser Of Antoninus After He Became Emperor. Young Men Who Are
Destined For High Places Are Not Often Fortunate In Those Who Are About
Them, Their Companions And Teachers; And I Do Not Know Any Example Of A
Young Prince Having Had An Education Which Can Be Compared With That Of
M. Antoninus. Such A Body Of Teachers Distinguished By Their
Acquirements And Their Character Will Hardly Be Collected Again; And As
To The Pupil, We Have Not Had One Like Him Since.
Hadrian Died In July A.D. 138, And Was Succeeded By Antoninus Pius. M.
Antoninus Married Faustina, His Cousin, The Daughter Of Pius, Probably
About A.D. 146, For He Had A Daughter Born In 147. He Received From His
Adoptive Father The Title Of Caesar, And Was Associated With Him In The
Administration Of The State. The Father And The Adopted Son Lived
Together In Perfect Friendship And Confidence. Antoninus Was A Dutiful
Son, And The Emperor Pius Loved And Esteemed Him.
Antoninus Pius Died In March, A.D. 161. The Senate, It Is Said, Urged M.
Antoninus To Take The Sole Administration Of The Empire, But He
Associated With Himself The Other Adopted Son Of Pius, L. Ceionius
Commodus, Who Is Generally Called L. Verus. Thus Rome For The First Time
Had Two Emperors. Verus Was An Indolent Man Of Pleasure, And Unworthy Of
His Station. Antoninus However Bore With Him, And It Is Said Verus Had
Sense Enough To Pay To His Colleague The Respect Due To His Character. A
Virtuous Emperor And A Loose Partner Lived Together In Peace, And Their
Alliance Was Strengthened By Antoninus Giving To Verus For Wife His
Story 1 (Biographical Sketch Of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) Pg 3Daughter Lucilla.
The Reign Of Antoninus Was First Troubled By A Parthian War, In Which
Verus Was Sent To Command; But He Did Nothing, And The Success That Was
Obtained By The Romans In Armenia And On The Euphrates And Tigris Was
Due To His Generals. This Parthian War Ended In A.D. 165. Aurelius And
Verus Had A Triumph (A.D. 166) For The Victories In The East. A
Pestilence Followed, Which Carried Off Great Numbers In Rome And Italy,
And Spread To The West Of Europe.
The North Of Italy Was Also Threatened By The Rude People Beyond The
Alps, From The Borders Of Gallia To The Eastern Side Of The Hadriatic.
These Barbarians Attempted To Break Into Italy, As The Germanic Nations
Had Attempted Near Three Hundred Years Before; And The Rest Of The Life
Of Antoninus, With Some Intervals, Was Employed In Driving Back The
Invaders. In 169 Verus Suddenly Died, And Antoninus Administered The
State Alone.
During The German Wars Antoninus Resided For Three Years On The Danube
At Carnuntum. The Marcomanni Were Driven Out Of Pannonia And Almost
Destroyed In Their Retreat Across The Danube; And In A.D. 174 The
Emperor Gained A Great Victory Over The Quadi.
In A.D. 175, Avidius Cassius, A Brave And Skilful Roman Commander Who
Was At The Head Of The Troops In Asia, Revolted, And Declared Himself
Augustus. But Cassius Was Assassinated By Some Of His Officers, And So
The Rebellion Came To An End. Antoninus Showed His Humanity By His
Treatment Of The Family And The Partisans Of Cassius; And His Letter To
The Senate, In Which He Recommends Mercy, Is Extant. (Vulcatius, Avidius
Cassius, C. 12.)
Antoninus Set Out For The East On Hearing Of Cassius' Revolt. Though He
Appears To Have Returned To Rome In A.D. 174, He Went Back To Prosecute
The War Against The Germans, And It Is Probable That He Marched Direct
To The East From The German War. His Wife Faustina, Who Accompanied Him
Into Asia, Died Suddenly At The Foot Of The Taurus, To The Great Grief
Of Her Husband. Capitolinus, Who Has Written The Life Of Antoninus, And
Also Dion Cassius, Accuses The Empress Of Scandalous Infidelity To Her
Husband, And Of Abominable Lewdness. But Capitolinus Says That Antoninus
Either Knew It Not Or Pretended Not To Know It. Nothing Is So Common As
Such Malicious Reports In All Ages, And The History Of Imperial Rome Is
Full Of Them. Antoninus Loved His Wife, And He Says That She Was
"Obedient, Affectionate, And Simple." The Same Scandal Had Been Spread
About Faustina's Mother, The Wife Of Antoninus Pius, And Yet He Too Was
Perfectly Satisfied With His Wife. Antoninus Pius Says After Her Death,
In A Letter To Fronto, That He Would Rather Have Lived In Exile With His
Wife Than In His Palace At Rome Without Her. There Are Not Many Men Who
Would Give Their Wives A Better Character Than These Two Emperors.
Capitolinus Wrote In The Time Of Diocletian. He May Have Intended To
Tell The Truth, But He Is A Poor, Feeble Biographer. Dion Cassius, The
Most Malignant Of Historians, Always Reports, And Perhaps He Believed,
Any Scandal Against Anybody.
Antoninus Continued His Journey To Syria And Egypt, And On His Return To
Italy Through Athens He Was Initiated Into The Eleusinian Mysteries. It
Was The Practice Of The Emperor To Conform To The Established Rites Of
The Age, And To Perform Religious Ceremonies With Due Solemnity. We
Story 1 (Biographical Sketch Of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) Pg 4Cannot Conclude From This That He Was A Superstitious Man, Though We
Might Perhaps Do So If His Book Did Not Show That He Was Not. But That
Is Only One Among Many Instances That A Ruler's Public Acts Do Not
Always Prove His Real Opinions. A Prudent Governor Will Not Roughly
Oppose Even The Superstitions Of His People; And Though He May Wish They
Were Wiser, He Will Know That He Cannot Make Them So By Offending Their
Prejudices.
Antoninus And His Son Commodus Entered Rome In Triumph, Perhaps For Some
German Victories, On The 23d. Of December, A.D. 176. In The Following
Year Commodus Was Associated With His Father In The Empire, And Took
The Name Of Augustus. This Year A.D. 177 Is Memorable In Ecclesiastical
History. Attalus And Others Were Put To Death At Lyon For Their
Adherence To The Christian Religion. The Evidence Of This Persecution Is
A Letter Preserved By Eusebius (E.H. V. I; Printed In Routh's Reliquiae
Sacrae, Vol. I, With Notes). The Letter Is From The Christians Of Vienna
And Lugdunum In Gallia (Vienna And Lyon) To Their Christian Brethren In
Asia And Phrygia; And It Is Preserved Perhaps Nearly Entire. It Contains
A
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