Esperanto Self-Taught with Phonetic Pronunciation - William W. Mann (e book reader android TXT) 📗

adiaŭ! adieu! farewell! ah! ah! antaŭen! forward! atentu! look out! bis! encore! bone! good! certe! certainly! ĉu ne? or ĉu ne vere? is not that so? ĉu vere? is that so? efektive! indeed! fi! fie! for! away! be off! ha! ha! halt! halt! he! hey! halloo! ho! oh! ho ve! alas! hontinde! shameful! jen! there! kompreneble! naturally! of course! ne! no! neeble! impossible! nu! well! rapide! quick! rapidu! hurry up! Formation of Words.

In Esperanto, considerable use is made of prefixes and suffixes, every one of which has a clear, fixed meaning. Great economy of vocabulary is thus effected, one root-word in Esperanto sufficing, when modified by suitable affixes, to translate many English words. Many of the affixes are often met with as single words. In such cases the English translation is added after the various examples of the affix in question.

Prefixes.

bo- denotes Relationship by Marriage: patro, father, bopatro, father-in-law; filo, son, bofilo, son-in-law.

dis- denotes Separation: ĵeti, to throw, disĵeti, to scatter, throw about; peli, to drive along, dispeli, to dispel, fali, to fall, disfali, to fall apart, fall to pieces.

ek- denotes a Beginning of an Action, a Momentary Action: iri, to go, ekiri, to begin to go, to start; brili, to shine, ekbrili, to begin to shine, to flash.

ge- denotes the Two Sexes Taken Together: patro, father, gepatroj, father and mother, parents; frato, brother, gefratoj, brother(s) and sister(s); Gesinjoroj B., Mr. and Mrs. B.

mal- denotes the Opposite of an Idea: bona, good, malbona, bad; ŝati, to like, malŝati, to dislike; amiko, friend, malamiko, enemy; laŭta, loud, mallaŭte, softly.—Malo, an opposite; male, on the contrary.

pra- is a prefix of Relationship, corresponding to the English FORE-, GREAT-: patro, father, prapatro, forefather, ancestor; avo, grandfather; praavo, great-grandfather; nepo, grandson, pranepo, great-grandson.

re- denotes Return and Repetition: iri, to go, reiri, to go back, or to go again; repreni, to take back; revidi, to see again.—Ree, again.

Suffixes.

-aĉ denotes that a word is used in a Bad Sense, with Disparagement: domo, a house, domaĉo, a hovel; ridi, to laugh, ridaĉi, to sneer.

-ad denotes Continuation or Duration of an action: paroli, to speak, paroladi, to make a speech; kanto, a song, kantado, singing; vojaĝo, a voyage, vojaĝado, travelling; rido, a laugh, ridado, laughter.

-aĵ denotes some Concrete Thing characterized by the idea contained in the root: bela, beautiful, belaĵo, a beautiful thing; nutri, to feed, nourish, nutraĵo (or nutrantaĵo), food; ĝentila, polite, ĝentilaĵo, a polite act, act of politeness; bovo, ox, bovaĵo, beef.—Aĵo, a thing.

-an denotes a Partisan of, a Member, an Inhabitant: Kristo, Christ, Kristano, a Christian; eklezio, a church, ekleziano, a churchman; Londonano, a Londoner.—Ano, a member.

-ar denotes a Collection of, a Number of: arbo, tree, arbaro, a forest; homo, a human being, homaro, mankind; vorto, a word, vortaro, a dictionary.—Aro, a collection, number, gathering.

-ĉj added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to denote Masculine Diminutives of Endearment: Johano, John, Joĉjo, Jack; patro, father, paĉjo, papa, daddy.

-ebl denotes Possibility, and corresponds to the English suffixes -ABLE, -IBLE: kredi, to believe, kredebla, credible; videbla, visible; al, to, iri, to go, alirebla, accessible.

-ec denotes Abstract Ideas, Qualities and corresponds to the English suffixes -NESS, -SHIP, etc.: feliĉa, happy, feliĉeco, happiness; alta, high, alteco, height; reĝo, king, reĝeco, kingship.

-eg denotes Augmentation, Intensity of Degree: granda, big, great, grandega, enormous; bela, beautiful, belega, magnificent; ŝtono, stone, ŝtonego, rock; pafilo, a gun, pafilego, cannon.

-ej denotes a Place specially set apart for or allotted to: preĝi, to pray, preĝejo, church; manĝi, to eat, manĝejo, refectory; kuirejo, kitchen; enirejo, entrance; elirejo, exit.

-em denotes Propensity, Inclination, Disposition: paroli, to talk, parolema, talkative; mensogi, to lie, mensogema, untruthful.

-er denotes an Element of, a Unit, a Grain: polvo, dust, polvero, a grain of dust; fajrero, a spark; hajlero, hailstone; mono, money, monero, a coin.—Ero, particle, grain, element.

-estr denotes a Chief, Leader, Head: regno, state; regnestro, head of the state, ruler; lernejo, school, lernejestro, head-master.—Estro, leader, chief; estraro, the authorities; estri, to act as chief.

-id denotes a Descendant, Offspring, Young of: bovo, ox, bovido, calf; ŝafo, a sheep, ŝafido, lamb; Izraelido, Israelite; la homidoj, the sons of man; Sro. Brown kaj la Brownidoj, Mr. Brown and the little Browns.—Ido, a descendant, child; idaro, descendants, offspring.

-et denotes Diminution of Degree (compare -eg above): bela, beautiful, beleta, pretty; venteto, breeze; ridi, to laugh, rideti, to smile; bona, good, boneta, fairly good, mediocre.—Eta, tiny.

-ig denotes a Making, Rendering, Causing to Be: granda, great, grandigi, to enlarge; venigi kuraciston, to send for (cause to come) a doctor; halti, to stop (intr.), haltigi, to stop (tr.); tranĉigi al si la harojn, to get one's hair cut.—Igi, to make, render.

-iĝ denotes a Becoming, Getting, Growing, Being made: hela, bright, heliĝi, to grow or become bright; ruĝa, red, ruĝiĝi, to redden, blush; disiĝi, to separate (intr.).—Iĝi, to become.

With transitive verbs iĝ- is used to make intransitive verbs, thus: renversi, to overthrow, turn upside down, renversiĝi, to turn (intr.) upside down, to get overthrown; fari, to make, fariĝi, to become; perdiĝi, to get lost; vidiĝi, to be seen.

Used with intransitive verbs, iĝ- gives the idea of a becoming, a Gradual Transition from one state to another: morti, to die, mortiĝi, to become dead, to die away, to expire; sidi, to be seated, sidiĝi, to become seated, to sit down.

Note that, since verbs in -iĝ are of necessity intransitive, their participles should only be used in the active form. Thus: renversiĝinta, having become overthrown, and not renversiĝita; perdiĝinta, having become lost, not perdiĝita; and so on. One might of course simply say renversita, overthrown, and perdita, lost, though the meaning would in that case not be quite the same.

-il denotes an Instrument, Tool, or Means: tranĉi, to cut, tranĉilo, a knife; filtri, to filter, filtrilo, a filter; teni, to hold, tenilo, a handle.—Ilo, tool, instrument; ilaro, set of tools.

-ind denotes Worthiness (English -WORTHY): laŭdi, to praise, laŭdinda, praiseworthy; vidinda, worth seeing, vidindaĵoj, things worth seeing, sights.—Inda (je), worthy (of); indeco, worthiness.

-ing denotes the Holder of a Single Object (compare -uj below): plumo, pen, plumingo, penholder; fingro, finger, fingringo, thimble; cigaringo, cigar-holder.—Ingo, a socket, holder.

-in denotes Feminines: viro, a man, virino, a woman; patro, father, patrino, mother.—Ino, a female.

-ist denotes Trade, Occupation, Profession: labori, to work, laboristo, workman; kuraci, to treat (medically), kuracisto, doctor.

-nj added to the first two to five letters of a word, is used to form Feminine Diminutives of Endearment (compare -ĉj above): Johanino, Jane, Johanjo, Jenny; patrino, mother, panjo, mamma.

-uj denotes a Receptacle which contains or bears a Collection or a Quantity of things or material (compare -ing above): mono, money, monujo, purse; inko, ink, inkujo, inkstand.—Ujo, a utensil case, bin.

The suffix -uj is also used to denote Trees bearing certain fruits: pomo, apple, pomujo, apple-tree; ĉerizujo, cherry-tree; rozujo, rose-bush. The word arbo, however, is more frequently used in such cases: pomarbo, rozarbeto, etc.

-Uj is also used to denote the Names of Countries: Anglo, Englishman, Anglujo, England; Franco, a Frenchman, Francujo, France. (See footnote 4, p. 40.)

-ul denotes a Being characterised by the Idea contained in the Root-word: bela, beautiful, belulino, a beautiful woman, a beauty; kulpo, blame, kulpulo, culprit; laŭdindulo, one worthy to be praised; bonulo, a good fellow; bonegulo, a jolly good fellow.

-um is an Indefinite Suffix, like the word je among the prepositions, Thus: pleni, to fill, plenumi, to fulfil (compare plenigi, to fill); kolo, neck, kolumo, collar; aero, air, aerumi, to air (a room, clothes, etc.).

[Words containing -um should be learnt as independent roots.]

Compound Words.

In Esperanto, any word can be combined with any other word or words to form a compound word. Considerable use is made of prepositions for this purpose. The requisite grammatical ending must of course be added in each case. The student should carefully study the following words, and also those given above, and endeavour to form words for himself.9 Ability to form words readily is absolutely necessary to fluent speech or composition in the language. In the examples given below the component parts of the words are separated by a small stroke ('), but these are of course omitted in