Travels Through France And Italy - Tobias Smollett (diy ebook reader .TXT) 📗
- Author: Tobias Smollett
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Pleas'd With Thyself, Whom All The World Can Please. . . .
Such Inveteracy (Like Dr. Johnson's Against Swift) Was Not
Unnaturally Suspected By Friends In England Of Having Some
Personal Motive. In His Fifteenth Letter Home, Therefore,
Smollett Is Assiduous In Disclaiming Anything Of The Kind. He
Begins By Attempting An Amende Honorable, But Before He Has Got
Well Away From His Exordium He Insensibly And Most
Characteristically Diverges Into The More Congenial Path Of
Censure, And Expands Indeed Into One Of His Most Eloquent
Passages--A Disquisition Upon The French Punctilio (Conceived Upon
Lines Somewhat Similar To Mercutio's Address To Benvolio), To
Which Is Appended A Satire On The Duello As Practised In France,
Which Glows And Burns With A Radiation Of Good Sense, Racy Of
Smollett At His Best.
To Eighteenth Century Lovers The Discussion On Duelling Will
Recall Similar Talks Between Boswell And Johnson, Or That Between
The Lieutenant And Tom In The Seventh Book Of Tom Jones, But,
More Particularly, The Sermon Delivered By Johnson On This
Subject A Propos Of General Oglethorpe's Story Of How He Avoided
A Duel With Prince Eugene In 1716. "We Were Sitting In Company At
Table, Whence The Prince Took Up A Glass Of Wine And By A Fillip
Made Some Of It Fly In Oglethorpe's Face. Here Was A Nice
Dilemma. To Have Challenged Him Instantly Might Have Fixed A
Quarrelsome Character Upon The Young Soldier: To Have Taken No
Notice Of It Might Have Been Counted As Cowardice. Oglethorpe,
Therefore, Keeping His Eye On The Prince, And Smiling All The
Time, As If He Took What His Highness Had Done In Jest, Said,
"Mon Prince" (I Forget The French Words He Used), "That's A Good
Joke; But We Do It Much Better In England," And Threw A Whole
Glass Of Wine In The Prince's Face. An Old General Who Sat By
Said, "Il A Bien Fait, Mon Prince, Vous L'avez Commence," And
Thus All Ended In Good Humour."
In Letter Xiii. Smollett Settles Down To Give His Correspondents
A Detailed Description Of The Territory And People Of Nice. At
One Time It Was His Intention To Essay Yet Another Branch Of
Authorship And To Produce A Monograph On The Natural History,
Antiquities, And Topography Of The Town As The Capital Of This
Still Unfamiliar Littoral; With The Late-Born Modesty Of
Experience, However, He Recoils From A Task To Which He Does Not
Feel His Opportunities Altogether Adequate. [See P. 152.] A
Quarter Of Smollett's Original Material Would Embarrass A
"Guide"-Builder Of More Recent Pattern.
Part 6 Pg 29
Whenever He Got Near A Coast Line Smollett Could Not Refrain From
Expressing Decided Views. If He Had Lived At The Present Day He
Would Infallibly Have Been A Naval Expert, Better Informed Than
Most And More Trenchant Than All; But Recognizably One Of The
Species, Artist In Words And Amateur Of Ocean-Strategy. [Smollett
Had, Of Course, Been Surgeon's Mate On H.M.S. Cumberland, 1740-41.]
His First Curiosity At Nice Was Raised Concerning The Port,
The Harbour, The Galleys Moored Within The Mole, And The Naval
Policy Of His Sardinian Majesty. His Advice To Victor Amadeus Was
No Doubt As Excellent And As Unregarded As The Advice Of Naval
Experts Generally Is. Of More Interest To Us Is His Account Of
The Slave-Galleys. Among The Miserable Slaves Whom "A British
Subject Cannot Behold Without Horror And Compassion," He Observes
A Piedmontese Count In Turkish Attire, Reminding The Reader Of
One Of Dumas' Stories Of A Count Among The Forcats. To Learn That
There Were Always Volunteer Oarsmen Among These Poor Outcasts Is
To Reflect Bitterly Upon The Average Happiness Of Mankind. As To
Whether They Wore Much Worse Off Than Common Seamen In The
British Navy Of The Period (Who Were Only In Name Volunteers And
Had Often No Hope Of Discharge Until They Were Worn Out) Under
Such Commanders As Oakum Or Whiffle [In Roderick Random.] Is
Another Question. For Confirmation Of Smollett's Account In
Matters Of Detail The Reader May Turn To Aleman's Guzman
D'afarache, Which Contains A First-Hand Description Of The Life
On Board A Mediterranean Slave Galley, To Archenholtz's Tableau
D'italie Of 1788, To Stirling Maxwell's Don John Of Austria
(1883, I. 95), And More Pertinently To Passages In The Life Of A
Galley Slave By Jean Marteilhe (Edited By Miss Betham-Edwards In
1895). After Serving In The Docks At Dunkirk, Marteilhe, As A
Confirmed Protestant, Makes The Journey In The Chain-Gang To
Marseilles, And Is Only Released After Many Delays In Consequence
Of The Personal Interest And Intervention Of Queen Anne. If At
The Peace Of Utrecht In 1713 We Had Only Been As Tender About The
Case Of Our Poor Catalan Allies! Nice At That Juncture Had Just
Been Returned By France To The Safe-Keeping Of Savoy, So That In
Order To Escape From French Territory, Marteilhe Sailed For Nice
In A Tartane, And Not Feeling Too Safe Even There, Hurried Thence
By Smollett's Subsequent Route Across The Col Di Tende. Many
Europeans Were Serving At This Time In The Turkish Or Algerine
Galleys. But The Most Pitiable Of All The Galley Slaves Were
Those Of The Knights Of St. John Of Malta. "Figure To Yourself,"
Wrote Jacob Houblon [The Houblon Family, 1907 Ii. 78. The
Accounts In Evelyn And Goldsmith Are Probably Familiar To The
Reader.] About This Year, "Six Or Seven Hundred Dirty Half-Naked
Turks In A Small Vessel Chained To The Oars, From Which They Are
Not Allowed To Stir, Fed Upon Nothing But Bad Biscuit And Water,
And Beat About On The Most Trifling Occasion By Their Most
Inhuman Masters, Who Are Certainly More Turks Than Their Slaves."
After Several Digressions, One Touching The Ancient Cemenelion, A
Subject Upon Which The Jonathan Oldbucks Of Provence Without
Exception Are Unconscionably Tedious, Smollett Settles Down To A
Part 6 Pg 30Capable Historical Summary Preparatory To Setting His Palette For
A Picture Of The Nissards "As They Are." He Was, As We Are Aware,
No Court Painter, And The Cheerful Colours Certainly Do Not
Predominate. The Noblesse For All Their Exclusiveness Cannot
Escape His Censure. He Can See That They Are Poor (They Are
Unable To Boast More Than Two Coaches Among Their Whole Number),
And He Feels Sure That They Are Depraved. He Attributes Both
Vices Unhesitatingly To Their Idleness And To Their Religion. In
Their Singularly Unemotional And Coolly Comparative Outlook Upon
Religion, How Infinitely Nearer Were Fielding And Smollett Than
Their Greatest Successors, Dickens And Thackeray, To The Modern
Critic Who Observes That There Is "At Present Not A Single
Credible Established Religion In Existence." To Smollett
Catholicism Conjures Up Nothing So Vividly As The Mask Of Comedy,
While His Native Calvinism Stands For The Corresponding Mask Of
Tragedy. [Walpole's Dictum That Life Was A Comedy To Those Who
Think, A Tragedy For Those Who Feel, Was Of Later Date Than This
Excellent Mot Of Smollett's.] Religion In The Sunny Spaces Of The
South Is A "Never-Failing Fund Of Pastime." The Mass (Of Which He
Tells A Story That Reminds Us Of Lever's Micky Free) Is Just A
Mechanism Invented By Clever Rogues For An Elaborate System Of
Petty Larceny. And What A Ferocious Vein Of Cynicism Underlies
His Strictures Upon The Perverted Gallantry Of The Mariolaters At
Florence, Or Those On The Two Old Catholics Rubbing Their Ancient
Gums Against St. Peter's Toe For Toothache At Rome. The Recurring
Emblems Of Crosses And Gibbets Simply Shock Him As Mementoes Of
The Bagne.
At Rome He Compares A Presentment Of St. Laurence To "A Barbecued
Pig." "What A Pity It Is," He Complains, "That The Labours Of
Painting Should Have Been Employed On Such Shocking Objects Of
The Martyrology," Floggings, Nailings, And Unnailings...
"Peter Writhing On The Cross, Stephen Battered With Stones,
Sebastian Stuck Full Of Arrows, Bartholomew Flayed Alive," And So
On. His Remarks Upon The Famous Pieta Of Michael Angelo Are Frank
To The Point Of Brutality. The Right Of Sanctuary And Its
"Infamous Prerogative," Unheard Of In England Since The Days Of
Henry Vii., Were Still Capable Of Affording A Lesson To The Scot
Abroad. "I Saw A Fellow Who Had Three Days Before Murdered His
Wife In The Last Month Of Pregnancy, Taking The Air With Great
Composure And Serenity, On The Steps Of A Church In Florence."
Smollett, It Is Clear, For All His Philosophy, Was No Degenerate
Representative Of The Blind, Unreasoning Seventeenth-Century
Detestation Of "Popery And Wooden Shoes."
Smollett Is One Of The First To Describe A "Conversazione," And
In Illustration Of The Decadence Of Italian Manners, It Is
Natural That He Should Have A Good Deal To Tell Us About The
Cicisbeatura. His Account Of The Cicisbeo And His Duties, Whether
In Nice, Florence, Or Rome, Is Certainly One Of The Most
Part 6 Pg 31Interesting That We Have. Before Smollett And His Almost
Contemporary Travel Correspondent, Samuel Sharp, It Would
Probably Be Hard To Find Any Mention Of The Cicisbeo In England,
Though The Word Was Consecrated By Sheridan A Few Years Later.
Most Of The "Classic" Accounts Of The Usage Such As Those By Mme.
De Stael, Stendhal, Parini, Byron And His Biographers Date From
Very Much Later, When The Institution Was Long Past Its Prime If
Not Actually Moribund. Now Smollett Saw It At The Very Height Of
Its Perfection And At A Time When Our Decorous Protestant
Curiosity On Such Themes Was As Lively As Lady Mary Montagu Had
Found It In The Case Of Fair Circassians And Turkish Harems Just
Thirty Years Previously. [A Cicisbeo Was A Dangler. Hence The
Word Came To Be Applied Punningly To The Bow Depending From A
Clouded Cane Or Ornamental Crook. In Sixteenth-Century Spain,
Home Of The Sedan And The Caballero Galante, The Original Term
Was Bracciere. In Venice The Form Was Cavaliere Servente. For A
Good Note On The Subject, See Sismondi's Italian Republics, Ed.
William Boulting, 1907, P. 793.] Like So Much In The Shapes And
Customs Of Italy The Cicisbeatura Was In Its Origin Partly Gothic
And Partly Oriental. It Combined The Chivalry
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