Unconscious Memory(Fiscle Part-3) - Samuel Butler (digital e reader TXT) 📗
- Author: Samuel Butler
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Less Than The Matter Of Which They Consist. That Animals Feel Desire
And Repugnance, That The Material Mechanism Of The Human Frame Is In
Chose Connection With Emotions Of Pleasure Or Pain, And With The
Active Idea-Life Of Consciousness--This Cannot, In The Eyes Of The
Physicist, Make The Animal Or Human Body Into Anything More Than What
It Actually Is. To Him It Is A Combination Of Matter, Subjected To
The Same Inflexible Laws As Stones And Plants--A Material
Combination, The Outward And Inward Movements Of Which Interact As
Cause And Effect, And Are In As Close Connection With Each Other And
With Their Surroundings As The Working Of A Machine With The
Revolutions Of The Wheels That Compose It.
Neither Sensation, Nor Idea, Nor Yet Conscious Will, Can Form A Link
In This Chain Of Material Occurrences Which Make Up The Physical Life
Of An Organism. If I Am Asked A Question And Reply To It, The
Material Process Which The Nerve Fibre Conveys From The Organ Of
Hearing To The Brain Must Travel Through My Brain As An Actual And
Material Process Before It Can Reach The Nerves Which Will Act Upon
My Organs Of Speech. It Cannot, On Reaching A Given Place In The
Brain, Change Then And There Into An Immaterial Something, And Turn
Up Again Some Time Afterwards In Another Part Of The Brain As A
Material Process. The Traveller In The Desert Might As Well Hope,
Before He Again Goes Forth Into The Wilderness Of Reality, To Take
Rest And Refreshment In The Oasis With Which The Fata Morgana Illudes
Him; Or As Well Might A Prisoner Hope To Escape From His Prison
Through A Door Reflected In A Mirror.
So Much For The Physiologist In His Capacity Of Pure Physicist. As
Long As He Remains Behind The Scenes In Painful Exploration Of The
Details Of The Machinery--As Long As He Only Observes The Action Of
The Players From Behind The Stage--So Long Will He Miss The Spirit Of
The Performance, Which Is, Nevertheless, Caught Easily By One Who
Sees It From The Front. May He Not, Then, For Once In A Way, Be
Allowed To Change His Standpoint? True, He Came Not To See The
Representation Of An Imaginary World; He Is In Search Of The Actual;
But Surely It Must Help Him To A Comprehension Of The Dramatic
Apparatus Itself, And Of The Manner In Which It Is Worked, If He Were
To View Its Action From In Front As Well As From Behind, Or At Least
Chapter 6 Pg 69Allow Himself To Hear What Sober-Minded Spectators Can Tell Him Upon
The Subject.
There Can Be No Question As To The Answer; And Hence It Comes That
Psychology Is Such An Indispensable Help To Physiology, Whose Fault
It Only In Small Part Is That She Has Hitherto Made Such Little Use
Of This Assistance; For Psychology Has Been Late In Beginning To Till
Her Fertile Field With The Plough Of The Inductive Method, And It Is
Only From Ground So Tilled That Fruits Can Spring Which Can Be Of
Service To Physiology.
If, Then, The Student Of Nervous Physiology Takes His Stand Between
The Physicist And The Psychologist, And If The First Of These Rightly
Makes The Unbroken Causative Continuity Of All Material Processes An
Axiom Of His System Of Investigation, The Prudent Psychologist, On
The Other Hand, Will Investigate The Laws Of Conscious Life According
To The Inductive Method, And Will Hence, As Much As The Physicist,
Make The Existence Of Fixed Laws His Initial Assumption. If, Again,
The Most Superficial Introspection Teaches The Physiologist That His
Conscious Life Is Dependent Upon The Mechanical Adjustments Of His
Body, And That Inversely His Body Is Subjected With Certain
Limitations To His Will, Then It Only Remains For Him To Make One
Assumption More, Namely, That This Mutual Interdependence Between The
Spiritual And The Material Is Itself Also Dependent On Law, And He
Has Discovered The Bond By Which The Science Of Matter And The
Science Of Consciousness Are United Into A Single Whole.
Thus Regarded, The Phenomena Of Consciousness Become Functions Of The
Material Changes Of Organised Substance, And Inversely--Though This
Is Involved In The Use Of The Word "Function"--The Material Processes
Of Brain Substance Become Functions Of The Phenomena Of
Consciousness. For When Two Variables Are So Dependent Upon One
Another In The Changes They Undergo In Accordance With Fixed Laws
That A Change In Either Involves Simultaneous And Corresponding
Change In The Other, The One Is Called A Function Of The Other.
This, Then, By No Means Implies That The Two Variables Above-Named--
Matter And Consciousness--Stand In The Relation Of Cause And Effect,
Antecedent And Consequence, To One Another. For On This Subject We
Know Nothing.
The Materialist Regards Consciousness As A Product Or Result Of
Matter, While The Idealist Holds Matter To Be A Result Of
Consciousness, And A Third Maintains That Matter And Spirit Are
Identical; With All This The Physiologist, As Such, Has Nothing
Whatever To Do; His Sole Concern Is With The Fact That Matter And
Consciousness Are Functions One Of The Other.
By The Help Of This Hypothesis Of The Functional Interdependence Of
Matter And Spirit, Modern Physiology Is Enabled To Bring The
Phenomena Of Consciousness Within The Domain Of Her Investigations
Without Leaving The Terra Firma Of Scientific Methods. The
Physiologist, As Physicist, Can Follow The Ray Of Light And The Wave
Of Sound Or Heat Till They Reach The Organ Of Sense. He Can Watch
Chapter 6 Pg 70Them Entering Upon The Ends Of The Nerves, And Finding Their Way To
The Cells Of The Brain By Means Of The Series Of Undulations Or
Vibrations Which They Establish In The Nerve Filaments. Here,
However, He Loses All Trace Of Them. On The Other Hand, Still
Looking With The Eyes Of A Pure Physicist, He Sees Sound Waves Of
Speech Issue From The Mouth Of A Speaker; He Observes The Motion Of
His Own Limbs, And Finds How This Is Conditional Upon Muscular
Contractions Occasioned By The Motor Nerves, And How These Nerves Are
In Their Turn Excited By The Cells Of The Central Organ. But Here
Again His Knowledge Comes To An End. True, He Sees Indications Of
The Bridge Which Is To Carry Him From Excitation Of The Sensory To
That Of The Motor Nerves In The Labyrinth Of Intricately Interwoven
Nerve Cells, But He Knows Nothing Of The Inconceivably Complex
Process Which Is Introduced At This Stage. Here The Physiologist
Will Change His Standpoint; What Matter Will Not Reveal To His
Inquiry, He Will Find In The Mirror, As It Were, Of Consciousness; By
Way Of A Reflection, Indeed, Only, But A Reflection, Nevertheless,
Which Stands In Intimate Relation To The Object Of His Inquiry. When
At This Point He Observes How One Idea Gives Rise To Another, How
Closely Idea Is Connected With Sensation And Sensation With Will, And
How Thought, Again, And Feeling Are Inseparable From One Another, He
Will Be Compelled To Suppose Corresponding Successions Of Material
Processes, Which Generate And Are Closely Connected With One Another,
And Which Attend The Whole Machinery Of Conscious Life, According To
The Law Of The Functional Interdependence Of Matter And
Consciousness.
After This Explanation I Shall Venture To Regard Under A Single
Aspect A Great Series Of Phenomena Which Apparently Have Nothing To
Do With One Another, And Which Belong Partly To The Conscious And
Partly To The Unconscious Life Of Organised Beings. I Shall Regard
Them As The Outcome Of One And The Same Primary Force Of Organised
Matter--Namely, Its Memory Or Power Of Reproduction.
The Word "Memory" Is Often Understood As Though It Meant Nothing More
Than Our Faculty Of Intentionally Reproducing Ideas Or Series Of
Ideas. But When The Figures And Events Of Bygone Days Rise Up Again
Unbidden In Our Minds, Is Not This Also An Act Of Recollection Or
Memory? We Have A Perfect Right To Extend Our Conception Of Memory
So As To Make It Embrace Involuntary Reproductions, Of Sensations,
Ideas, Perceptions, And Efforts; But We Find, On Having Done So, That
We Have So Far Enlarged Her Boundaries That She Proves To Be An
Ultimate And Original Power, The Source, And At The Same Time The
Unifying Bond, Of Our Whole Conscious Life.
We Know That When An Impression, Or A Series Of Impressions, Has Been
Made Upon Our Senses For A Long Time, And Always In The Same Way, It
May Come To Impress Itself In Such A Manner Upon The So-Called Sense-
Memory That Hours Afterwards, And Though A Hundred Other Things Have
Occupied Our Attention Meanwhile, It Will Yet Return Suddenly To Our
Chapter 6 Pg 71Consciousness With All The Force And Freshness Of The Original
Sensation. A Whole Group Of Sensations Is Sometimes Reproduced In
Its Due Sequence As Regards Time And Space, With So Much Reality That
It Illudes Us, As Though Things Were Actually Present Which Have Long
Ceased To Be So. We Have Here A Striking Proof Of The Fact That
After Both Conscious Sensation And Perception Have Been Extinguished,
Their Material Vestiges Yet Remain In Our Nervous System By Way Of A
Change In Its Molecular Or Atomic Disposition, {69} That Enables The
Nerve Substance To Reproduce All The Physical Processes Of The
Original Sensation, And With These The Corresponding Psychical
Processes Of Sensation And Perception.
Every Hour The Phenomena Of Sense-Memory Are Present With Each One Of
Us, But In A Less Degree Than This. We Are All At Times Aware Of A
Host Of More Or Less Faded Recollections Of Earlier Impressions,
Which We Either Summon Intentionally Or Which Come Upon Us
Involuntarily. Visions Of Absent People Come And Go Before Us As
Faint And Fleeting Shadows, And The Notes Of Long-Forgotten Melodies
Float Around Us, Not Actually Heard, But Yet Perceptible.
Some Things And Occurrences, Especially If They Have Happened To Us
Only Once And Hurriedly, Will Be Reproducible By The Memory In
Respect Only Of A Few Conspicuous Qualities; In Other Cases Those
Details Alone Will Recur To Us Which We Have Met With Elsewhere, And
For The Reception Of Which The Brain Is, So To Speak, Attuned. These
Last Recollections Find Themselves In Fuller Accord With Our
Consciousness, And Enter Upon It More Easily And Energetically; Hence
Also Their Aptitude For Reproduction Is Enhanced; So That What Is
Common To Many Things, And Is Therefore Felt And Perceived With
Exceptional Frequency, Becomes Reproduced So Easily That Eventually
The Actual Presence Of The Corresponding External Stimuli Is No
Longer Necessary, And It Will Recur On The Vibrations Set Up By Faint
Stimuli From
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