Unconscious Memory(Fiscle Part-3) - Samuel Butler (digital e reader TXT) 📗
- Author: Samuel Butler
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Power Of Reproduction Which We Encountered When We Were Dealing With
Nerve Substance, But Under Such Far More Complicated Conditions. And
What Is Known Thus Certainly From Muscle Substance Holds Good With
Greater Or Less Plainness For All Our Organs. More Especially May We
Note The Fact, That After Increased Use, Alternated With Times Of
Repose, There Accrues To The Organ In All Animal Economy An Increased
Power Of Execution With An Increased Power Of Assimilation And A Gain
In Size.
This Gain In Size Consists Not Only In The Enlargement Of The
Individual Cells Or Fibres Of Which The Organ Is Composed, But In The
Chapter 6 Pg 75Multiplication Of Their Number; For When Cells Have Grown To A
Certain Size They Give Rise To Others, Which Inherit More Or Less
Completely The Qualities Of Those From Which They Came, And Therefore
Appear To Be Repetitions Of The Same Cell. This Growth, And
Multiplication Of Cells Is Only A Special Phase Of Those Manifold
Functions Which Characterise Organised Matter, And Which Consist Not
Only In What Goes On Within The Cell Substance As Alterations Or
Undulatory Movement Of The Molecular Disposition, But Also In That
Which Becomes Visible Outside The Cells As Change Of Shape,
Enlargement, Or Subdivision. Reproduction Of Performance, Therefore,
Manifests Itself To Us As Reproduction Of The Cells Themselves, As
May Be Seen Most Plainly In The Case Of Plants, Whose Chief Work
Consists In Growth, Whereas With Animal Organism Other Faculties
Greatly Preponderate.
Let Us Now Take A Brief Survey Of A Class Of Facts In The Case Of
Which We May Most Abundantly Observe The Power Of Memory In Organised
Matter. We Have Ample Evidence Of The Fact That Characteristics Of
An Organism May Descend To Offspring Which The Organism Did Not
Inherit, But Which It Acquired Owing To The Special Circumstances
Under Which It Lived; And That, In Consequence, Every Organism
Imparts To The Germ That Issues From It A Small Heritage Of
Acquisitions Which It Has Added During Its Own Lifetime To The Gross
Inheritance Of Its Race.
When We Reflect That We Are Dealing With The Heredity Of Acquired
Qualities Which Came To Development In The Most Diverse Parts Of The
Parent Organism, It Must Seem In A High Degree Mysterious How Those
Parts Can Have Any Kind Of Influence Upon A Germ Which Develops
Itself In An Entirely Different Place. Many Mystical Theories Have
Been Propounded For The Elucidation Of This Question, But The
Following Reflections May Serve To Bring The Cause Nearer To The
Comprehension Of The Physiologist.
The Nerve Substance, In Spite Of Its Thousandfold Subdivision As
Cells And Fibres, Forms, Nevertheless, A United Whole, Which Is
Present Directly In All Organs--Nay, As More Recent Histology
Conjectures, In Each Cell Of The More Important Organs--Or Is At
Least In Ready Communication With Them By Means Of The Living,
Irritable, And Therefore Highly Conductive Substance Of Other Cells.
Through The Connection Thus Established All Organs Find Themselves In
Such A Condition Of More Or Less Mutual Interdependence Upon One
Another, That Events Which Happen To One Are Repeated In Others, And
A Notification, However Slight, Of A Vibration Set Up {77} In One
Quarter Is At Once Conveyed Even To The Farthest Parts Of The Body.
With This Easy And Rapid Intercourse Between All Parts Is Associated
The More Difficult Communication That Goes On By Way Of The
Circulation Of Sap Or Blood.
We See, Further, That The Process Of The Development Of All Germs
That Are Marked Out For Independent Existence Causes A Powerful
Reaction, Even From The Very Beginning Of That Existence, On Both The
Conscious And Unconscious Life Of The Whole Organism. We May See
This From The Fact That The Organ Of Reproduction Stands In Closer
Chapter 6 Pg 76And More Important Relation To The Remaining Parts, And Especially To
The Nervous System, Than Do The Other Organs; And, Inversely, That
Both The Perceived And Unperceived Events Affecting The Whole
Organism Find A More Marked Response In The Reproductive System Than
Elsewhere.
We Can Now See With Sufficient Plainness In What The Material
Connection Is Established Between The Acquired Peculiarities Of An
Organism, And The Proclivity On The Part Of The Germ In Virtue Of
Which It Develops The Special Characteristics Of Its Parent.
The Microscope Teaches Us That No Difference Can Be Perceived Between
One Germ And Another; It Cannot, However, Be Objected On This Account
That The Determining Cause Of Its Ulterior Development Must Be
Something Immaterial, Rather Than The Specific Kind Of Its Material
Constitution.
The Curves And Surfaces Which The Mathematician Conceives, Or Finds
Conceivable, Are More Varied And Infinite Than The Forms Of Animal
Life. Let Us Suppose An Infinitely Small Segment To Be Taken From
Every Possible Curve; Each One Of These Will Appear As Like Every
Other As One Germ Is To Another, Yet The Whole Of Every Curve Lies
Dormant, As It Were, In Each Of Them, And If The Mathematician
Chooses To Develop It, It Will Take The Path Indicated By The
Elements Of Each Segment.
It Is An Error, Therefore, To Suppose That Such Fine Distinctions As
Physiology Must Assume Lie Beyond The Limits Of What Is Conceivable
By The Human Mind. An Infinitely Small Change Of Position On The
Part Of A Point, Or In The Relations Of The Parts Of A Segment Of A
Curve To One Another, Suffices To Alter The Law Of Its Whole Path,
And So In Like Manner An Infinitely Small Influence Exercised By The
Parent Organism On The Molecular Disposition Of The Germ {78} May
Suffice To Produce A Determining Effect Upon Its Whole Farther
Development.
What Is The Descent Of Special Peculiarities But A Reproduction On
The Part Of Organised Matter Of Processes In Which It Once Took Part
As A Germ In The Germ-Containing Organs Of Its Parent, And Of Which
It Seems Still To Retain A Recollection That Reappears When Time And
The Occasion Serve, Inasmuch As It Responds To The Same Or Like
Stimuli In A Like Way To That In Which The Parent Organism Responded,
Of Which It Was Once Part, And In The Events Of Whose History It Was
Itself Also An Accomplice? {79} When An Action Through Long Habit Or
Continual Practice Has Become So Much A Second Nature To Any
Organisation That Its Effects Will Penetrate, Though Ever So Faintly,
Into The Germ That Lies Within It, And When This Last Comes To Find
Itself In A New Sphere, To Extend Itself, And Develop Into A New
Creature--(The Individual Parts Of Which Are Still Always The
Creature Itself And Flesh Of Its Flesh, So That What Is Reproduced Is
The Same Being As That In Company With Which The Germ Once Lived, And
Of Which It Was Once Actually A Part)--All This Is As Wonderful As
When A Grey-Haired Man Remembers The Events Of His Own Childhood; But
It Is Not More So. Whether We Say That The Same Organised Substance
Chapter 6 Pg 77Is Again Reproducing Its Past Experience, Or Whether We Prefer To
Hold That An Offshoot Or Part Of The Original Substance Has Waxed And
Developed Itself Since Separation From The Parent Stock, It Is Plain
That This Will Constitute A Difference Of Degree, Not Kind.
When We Reflect Upon The Fact That Unimportant Acquired
Characteristics Can Be Reproduced In Offspring, We Are Apt To Forget
That Offspring Is Only A Full-Sized Reproduction Of The Parent--A
Reproduction, Moreover, That Goes As Far As Possible Into Detail. We
Are So Accustomed To Consider Family Resemblance A Matter Of Course,
That We Are Sometimes Surprised When A Child Is In Some Respect
Unlike Its Parent; Surely, However, The Infinite Number Of Points In
Respect Of Which Parents And Children Resemble One Another Is A More
Reasonable Ground For Our Surprise.
But If The Substance Of The Germ Can Reproduce Characteristics
Acquired By The Parent During Its Single Life, How Much More Will It
Not Be Able To Reproduce Those That Were Congenital To The Parent,
And Which Have Happened Through Countless Generations To The
Organised Matter Of Which The Germ Of To-Day Is A Fragment? We
Cannot Wonder That Action Already Taken On Innumerable Past Occasions
By Organised Matter Is More Deeply Impressed Upon The Recollection Of
The Germ To Which It Gives Rise Than Action Taken Once Only During A
Single Lifetime. {80a}
We Must Bear In Mind That Every Organised Being Now In Existence
Represents The Last Link Of An Inconceivably Long Series Of
Organisms, Which Come Down In A Direct Line Of Descent, And Of Which
Each Has Inherited A Part Of The Acquired Characteristics Of Its
Predecessor. Everything, Furthermore, Points In The Direction Of Our
Believing That At The Beginning Of This Chain There Existed An
Organism Of The Very Simplest Kind, Something, In Fact, Like Those
Which We Call Organised Germs. The Chain Of Living Beings Thus
Appears To Be The Magnificent Achievement Of The Reproductive Power
Of The Original Organic Structure From Which They Have All Descended.
As This Subdivided Itself And Transmitted Its Characteristics {80b}
To Its Descendants, These Acquired New Ones, And In Their Turn
Transmitted Them--All New Germs Transmitting The Chief Part Of What
Had Happened To Their Predecessors, While The Remaining Part Lapsed
Out Of Their Memory, Circumstances Not Stimulating It To Reproduce
Itself.
An Organised Being, Therefore, Stands Before Us A Product Of The
Unconscious Memory Of Organised Matter, Which, Ever Increasing And
Ever Dividing Itself, Ever Assimilating New Matter And Returning It
In Changed Shape To The Inorganic World, Ever Receiving Some New
Thing Into Its Memory, And Transmitting Its Acquisitions By The Way
Of Reproduction, Grows Continually Richer And Richer The Longer It
Lives.
Thus Regarded, The Development Of One Of The More Highly Organised
Animals Represents A Continuous Series Of Organised Recollections
Concerning The Past Development Of The Great Chain Of Living Forms,
The Last Link Of Which Stands Before Us In The Particular Animal We
Chapter 6 Pg 78
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