Unconscious Memory(Fiscle Part-3) - Samuel Butler (digital e reader TXT) 📗
- Author: Samuel Butler
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Mechanism Which Has Been Contrived Once For All, I By No Means
Exclude The Supposition That In The Constitution Of The Brain, The
Ganglia, And The Whole Body, In Respect Of Morphological As Well As
Molecular-Physiological Condition, Certain Predispositions Can Be
Established Which Direct The Unconscious Intermediaries More Readily
Into One Channel Than Into Another. This Predisposition Is Either
The Result Of A Habit Which Keeps Continually Cutting For Itself A
Deeper And Deeper Channel, Until In The End It Leaves Indelible
Traces Whether In The Individual Or In The Race, Or It Is Expressly
Called Into Being By The Unconscious Formative Principle In
Generation, So As To Facilitate Action In A Given Direction. This
Last Will Be The Case More Frequently In Respect Of Exterior
Organisation--As, For Example, With The Weapons Or Working Organs Of
Animals--While To The Former Must Be Referred The Molecular Condition
Of Brain And Ganglia Which Bring About The Perpetually Recurring
Elements Of An Instinct Such As The Hexagonal Shape Of The Cells Of
Bees. We Shall Presently See That By Individual Character We Mean
The Sum Of The Individual Methods Of Reaction Against All Possible
Motives, And That This Character Depends Essentially Upon A
Constitution Of Mind And Body Acquired In Some Measure Through Habit
By The Individual, But For The Most Part Inherited. But An Instinct
Is Also A Mode Of Reaction Against Certain Motives; Here, Too, Then,
We Are Dealing With Character, Though Perhaps Not So Much With That
Of The Individual As Of The Race; For By Character In Regard To
Instinct We Do Not Intend The Differences That Distinguish
Individuals, But Races From One Another. If Any One Chooses To
Maintain That Such A Predisposition For Certain Kinds Of Activity On
The Part Of Brain And Body Constitutes A Mechanism, This May In One
Sense Be Admitted; But As Against This View It Must Be Remarked -
1. That Such Deviations From The Normal Scheme Of An Instinct As
Cannot Be Referred To Conscious Deliberation Are Not Provided For By
Any Predisposition In This Mechanism.
2. That Heredity Is Only Possible Under The Circumstances Of A
Constant Superintendence Of The Embryonic Development By A Purposive
Unconscious Activity Of Growth. It Must Be Admitted, However, That
This Is Influenced In Return By The Predisposition Existing In The
Chapter 8 Pg 93Germ.
3. That The Impressing Of The Predisposition Upon The Individual
From Whom It Is Inherited Can Only Be Effected By Long Practice,
Consequently The Instinct Without Auxiliary Mechanism {105a} Is The
Originating Cause Of The Auxiliary Mechanism.
4. That None Of Those Instinctive Actions That Are Performed Rarely,
Or Perhaps Once Only, In The Lifetime Of Any Individual--As, For
Example, Those Connected With The Propagation And Metamorphoses Of
The Lower Forms Of Life, And None Of Those Instinctive Omissions Of
Action, Neglect Of Which Necessarily Entails Death--Can Be Conceived
As Having Become Engrained Into The Character Through Habit; The
Ganglionic Constitution, Therefore, That Predisposes The Animal
Towards Them Must Have Been Fashioned Purposively.
5. That Even The Presence Of An Auxiliary Mechanism {105b} Does Not
Compel The Unconscious To A Particular Corresponding Mode Of
Instinctive Action, But Only Predisposes It. This Is Shown By The
Possibility Of Departure From The Normal Type Of Action, So That The
Unconscious Purpose Is Always Stronger Than The Ganglionic
Constitution, And Takes Any Opportunity Of Choosing From Several
Similar Possible Courses The One That Is Handiest And Most Convenient
To The Constitution Of The Individual.
We Now Approach The Question That I Have Reserved For Our Final One,-
-Is There, Namely, Actually Such A Thing As Instinct, {105c} Or Are
All So-Called Instinctive Actions Only The Results Of Conscious
Deliberation?
In Support Of The Second Of These Two Views, It May Be Alleged That
The More Limited Is The Range Of The Conscious Mental Activity Of Any
Living Being, The More Fully Developed In Proportion To Its Entire
Mental Power Is Its Performance Commonly Found To Be In Respect Of
Its Own Limited And Special Instinctive Department. This Holds As
Good With The Lower Animals As With Men, And Is Explained By The Fact
That Perfection Of Proficiency Is Only Partly Dependent Upon Natural
Capacity, But Is In Great Measure Due To Practice And Cultivation Of
The Original Faculty. A Philologist, For Example, Is Unskilled In
Questions Of Jurisprudence; A Natural Philosopher Or Mathematician,
In Philology; An Abstract Philosopher, In Poetical Criticism. Nor
Has This Anything To Do With The Natural Talents Of The Several
Persons, But Follows As A Consequence Of Their Special Training. The
More Special, Therefore, Is The Direction In Which The Mental
Activity Of Any Living Being Is Exercised, The More Will The Whole
Developing And Practising Power Of The Mind Be Brought To Bear Upon
This One Branch, So That It Is Not Surprising If The Special Power
Comes Ultimately To Bear An Increased Proportion To The Total Power
Of The Individual, Through The Contraction Of The Range Within Which
It Is Exercised.
Those, However, Who Apply This To The Elucidation Of Instinct Should
Not Forget The Words, "In Proportion To The Entire Mental Power Of
The Animal In Question," And Should Bear In Mind That The Entire
Chapter 8 Pg 94Mental Power Becomes Less And Less Continually As We Descend The
Scale Of Animal Life, Whereas Proficiency In The Performance Of An
Instinctive Action Seems To Be Much Of A Muchness In All Grades Of
The Animal World. As, Therefore, Those Performances Which
Indisputably Proceed From Conscious Deliberation Decrease
Proportionately With Decrease Of Mental Power, While Nothing Of The
Kind Is Observable In The Case Of Instinct--It Follows That Instinct
Must Involve Some Other Principle Than That Of Conscious
Intelligence. We See, Moreover, That Actions Which Have Their Source
In Conscious Intelligence Are Of One And The Same Kind, Whether Among
The Lower Animals Or With Mankind--That Is To Say, That They Are
Acquired By Apprenticeship Or Instruction And Perfected By Practice;
So That The Saying, "Age Brings Wisdom," Holds Good With The Brutes
As Much As With Ourselves. Instinctive Actions, On The Contrary,
Have A Special And Distinct Character, In That They Are Performed
With No Less Proficiency By Animals That Have Been Reared In Solitude
Than By Those That Have Been Instructed By Their Parents, The First
Essays Of A Hitherto Unpractised Animal Being As Successful As Its
Later Ones. There Is A Difference In Principle Here Which Cannot Be
Mistaken. Again, We Know By Experience That The Feebler And More
Limited An Intelligence Is, The More Slowly Do Ideas Act Upon It,
That Is To Say, The Slower And More Laborious Is Its Conscious
Thought. So Long As Instinct Does Not Come Into Play, This Holds
Good Both In The Case Of Men Of Different Powers Of Comprehension And
With Animals; But With Instinct All Is Changed, For It Is The
Speciality Of Instinct Never To Hesitate Or Loiter, But To Take
Action Instantly Upon Perceiving That The Stimulating Motive Has Made
Its Appearance. This Rapidity In Arriving At A Resolution Is Common
To The Instinctive Actions Both Of The Highest And The Lowest
Animals, And Indicates An Essential Difference Between Instinct And
Conscious Deliberation.
Finally, As Regards Perfection Of The Power Of Execution, A Glance
Will Suffice To Show The Disproportion That Exists Between This And
The Grade Of Intellectual Activity On Which An Animal May Be
Standing. Take, For Instance, The Caterpillar Of The Emperor Moth
(Saturnia Pavonia Minor). It Eats The Leaves Of The Bush Upon Which
It Was Born; At The Utmost Has Just Enough Sense To Get On To The
Lower Sides Of The Leaves If It Begins To Rain, And From Time To Time
Changes Its Skin. This Is Its Whole Existence, Which Certainly Does
Not Lead Us To Expect A Display Of Any, Even The Most Limited,
Intellectual Power. When, However, The Time Comes For The Larva Of
This Moth To Become A Chrysalis, It Spins For Itself A Double Cocoon,
Fortified With Bristles That Point Outwards, So That It Can Be Opened
Easily From Within, Though It Is Sufficiently Impenetrable From
Without. If This Contrivance Were The Result Of Conscious
Reflection, We Should Have To Suppose Some Such Reasoning Process As
The Following To Take Place In The Mind Of The Caterpillar:- "I Am
About To Become A Chrysalis, And, Motionless As I Must Be, Shall Be
Exposed To Many Different Kinds Of Attack. I Must Therefore Weave
Myself A Web. But When I Am A Moth I Shall Not Be Able, As Some
Moths Are, To Find My Way Out Of It By Chemical Or Mechanical Means;
Therefore I Must Leave A Way Open For Myself. In Order, However,
That My Enemies May Not Take Advantage Of This, I Will Close It With
Chapter 8 Pg 95Elastic Bristles, Which I Can Easily Push Asunder From Within, But
Which, Upon The Principle Of The Arch, Will Resist All Pressure From
Without." Surely This Is Asking Rather Too Much From A Poor
Caterpillar; Yet The Whole Of The Foregoing Must Be Thought Out If A
Correct Result Is To Be Arrived At.
This Theoretical Separation Of Instinct From Conscious Intelligence
Can Be Easily Misrepresented By Opponents Of My Theory, As Though A
Separation In Practice Also Would Be Necessitated In Consequence.
This Is By No Means My Intention. On The Contrary, I Have Already
Insisted At Some Length That Both The Two Kinds Of Mental Activity
May Co-Exist In All Manner Of Different Proportions, So That There
May Be Every Degree Of Combination, From Pure Instinct To Pure
Deliberation. We Shall See, However, In A Later Chapter, That Even
In The Highest And Most Abstract Activity Of Human Consciousness
There Are Forces At Work That Are Of The Highest Importance, And Are
Essentially Of The Same Kind As Instinct.
On The Other Hand, The Most Marvellous Displays Of Instinct Are To Be
Found Not Only In Plants, But Also In Those Lowest Organisms Of The
Simplest Bodily Form Which Are Partly Unicellular, And In Respect Of
Conscious Intelligence Stand Far Below The Higher Plants--To Which,
Indeed, Any Kind Of Deliberative Faculty Is Commonly Denied. Even In
The Case Of Those Minute Microscopic Organisms That Baffle Our
Attempts To Classify Them Either As Animals Or Vegetables, We Are
Still Compelled To Admire An Instinctive, Purposive Behaviour, Which
Goes Far Beyond A Mere Reflex Responsive To A Stimulus From Without;
All Doubt, Therefore, Concerning The Actual Existence Of An Instinct
Must Be At An End, And The Attempt To Deduce It As A Consequence Of
Conscious Deliberation Be Given Up As Hopeless. I Will Here Adduce
An Instance As Extraordinary As Any We Yet Know Of,
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