Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction by Allen Guelzo (icecream ebook reader txt) 📗

H. C. Warmoth, War, Politics, and Reconstruction: Stormy Days in Louisiana (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), lii; “An Act to Establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees,” March 3, 1865, in Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, ed. G. P. Sanger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1866), 13:507–9.

46. Ronald E. Butchart, Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen’s Education, 1862–1875 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 178.

47. “Special Field Orders No. 15,” January 16, 1865, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 47(II): 61–62.

48. Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 357–58.

49. “Memorandum or Basis of Agreement Made This 18th Day of April, A. D. 1865, Near Durham’s Station,” in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 47 (III):243–44.

50. Sherman, Memoirs, 840–45; Brooks D. Simpson, “Facilitating Defeat: The Union High Command and the Collapse of the Confederacy,” in The Collapse of the Confederacy, ed. Grimsley and Simpson, 98.

51. Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 183; McPherson, The Struggle for Equality, 317; Howard B. Means, The Avenger Takes His Place: Andrew Johnson and the 45 Days That Changed the Nation (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2006), 55; Hans L. Trefousse, “Andrew Johnson and the Freedmen’s Bureau,” in The Freedmen’s Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 42.

52. Eric L. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 137; Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade, 249–50; James L. Swanson, Bloody Crimes: The Chase for Jefferson Davis and the Death Pageant for Lincoln’s Corpse (New York: William Morrow, 2010), 309–16.

53. Johnson, “Interview with Charles G. Halpine,” March 5, 1867, in Political History of the United States During Reconstruction, 141; W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (1935; New York: Free Press, 1998), 260.

54. Johnson, “Speech to the Negro Soldiers,” October 10, 1865, in John Savage, The Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson: Including His State Papers, Speeches and Addresses (New York: Derby and Miller, 1866), 93–94.

55. “By the President of the United States: A Proclamation,” in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 6:310–14.

56. Sumner to Wade, August 3, 1865, in The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, ed. B. W. Palmer (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:320–21; James David Essig, “The Lord’s Free Man: Charles G. Finney and His Abolitionism,” Civil War History 24 (March 1978): 25–45.

57. Col. J. W. Shaffer to Trumbull, December 25, 1865, in Horace White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 242; Memminger to Schurz, April 26, 1871, in Carl Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, ed. Frederic Bancroft (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1912), 2:256.

58. “Laws in Relation to Freedmen,” Senate Executive Doc. No. 6, 39th Congress, 2nd Session (1867), 192–99; John C. Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana’s Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 67.

59. “Names of Claimants from the Insurrectionary States,” in Political History During Reconstruction, 107–9; Richard N. Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 45.

60. “Organization of the House,” and “Reconstruction,” December 4, 1865, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st session, 1, 3–4, 6; Wilson and Sherman, “Protection of Freedmen,” December 13, 1865, Congressional Globe, December 13, 1865, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 41–42; “An Act to Protect All Persons of the United States in Their Civil Rights, and Furnish Means of Their Vindication,” April 9, 1866, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 1st session, 14:27–30.

61. Sherman and Eldridge, “Rights of Citizens,” Congressional Globe, December 13, 1865 and March 2, 1866, 39th Congress, 1st session, 41–42, 1154–55; Garrett Davis, “Article XV,” February 26, 1869, Congressional Globe, 41st Congress, 2nd session, 1630–31.

62. Stevens, “Reconstruction,” January 3, 1867, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 252–53; Tilton, “One Blood of All Nations,” February 27, 1864, in Sanctum Sanctorum: or, Proof-Sheets from an Editor’s Table (New York: Sheldon, 1870), 104–5.

63. Edward Belcher Callender, Thaddeus Stevens: Commoner (Boston: A. Williams, 1882), 133–40; Hans L. Trefousse, Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 178–80; Trefousse, The Radical Republicans, 316.

64. James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Anti-slavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 250; McFeely, Frederick Douglass, 247; Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 241–42.

65. Epps, Democracy Reborn, 135; Johnson, “Speech of the 22d February, 1868,” in Political History During Reconstruction, 59, 61; White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull, 272–74.

66. “Civil Rights Bill—Again,” April 9, 1866, “Reconstruction,” April 30, 1866, and “Reconstruction Again,” June 13, 1866, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st session, 1861, 2286–87, 3145–49.

67. William Bolcom, Joan Morris, and Clifford Jackson, vocal performance of “Who Shall Rule This American Nation?” by Henry Clay Work, recorded 1975, on Who Shall Rule This American Nation? Songs of the Civil War Era, Nonesuch Records H 71317.

68. J. Matthew Gallman, America’s Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 82–83; Johnson, “In Cleveland, September 3,” in Political History During Reconstruction, 135–36.

69. Stampp, Era of Reconstruction, 114–15; D. M. DeWitt, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: Russell and Russell, 1967 [1903]), 100.

70. “An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,” March 2, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 14:428–29.

71. “An Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 14:430–32.

72. “An Act Supplementary to an Act Entitled ‘An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,’” March 23, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 40th Congress, 1st session, ed. G. P. Sanger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1869), 15:2–5; Stevens, “To Edward McPherson,” August 16, 1867, in Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, 324.

73. Charles Eugene Hamlin, The Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlin (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1899), 510.

74. “Impeachment of the President,” January 7, 1867, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 320; David O. Stewart, Impeached: The Trial