The Power of Movement in Plants - Charles Darwin (top reads txt) 📗

n.; movements of climbing plants, 266, 271; the heliotropic movement of the tendrils of Bignonia capreolata, 433; revolution of climbing plants, 451; on the curling of a tendril, 570

—, Erasmus, on the peduncles of Cyclamens, 433

—, Francis, on the radicle of Sinapis alba, 486; on Hygroscopic seeds, 489, n.

 

Datura stramonium, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298

 

Delpino, on cotyledons of Chaerophyllum and Corydalis, 96, n.

 

Delphinium nudicaule, mode of breaking through the ground, 80

—, confluent petioles of two cotyledons, 553

 

Desmodium gyrans, movement of leaflets, 257, n.

—, position of leaves at night, 285

—, sleep of leaves, not of cotyledons, 314

—, circumnutation and nycti-

[page 579]

 

DESMODIUM—EUCALYPTUS

 

tropic movement of leaves, 358-360

Desmodium gyrans, movement of lateral leaflets, 361

—, jerking of leaflets, 362

— nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400, 401

—, diameter of plant at night, 402

—, lateral movement of leaves, 404

—, zigzag movement of apex of leaf, 405

—, shape of lateral leaflet, 416

—, vespertilionis, 364, n.

 

Deutzia gracilis, circumnutation of stem, 205

 

Diageotropism, 5; or transverse-geotropism, 520

 

Diaheliotropism, 5; or Transversal-Heliotropismus of Frank, 419; influenced by epinasty, 439; by weight and apogeotropism, 440

 

Dianthus caryophyllus, 230

—, circumnutation of young leaf, 231, 269

 

Dicotyledons, circumnutation widely spread among, 68

 

Dionoea, oscillatory movements of leaves, 261, 271

 

Dionoea muscipula, circumnutation of young expanding leaf, 239, 240

—, closure of the lobes and circumnutation of a full-grown leaf, 241

—, oscillations of, 242-244

 

Diurnal sleep, 419

 

Drosera Capensis, structure of first-formed leaves, 414

— rotundifolia, movement of young leaf, 237, 238

—, of the tentacles, 239

—, sensitiveness of tentacles, 261

—, shape of leaves, 414

—, leaves not heliotropic, 450

—, leaves circumnutate largely, 454

—, sensitiveness of 570

 

Duchartre on Trephrosia cariboea, 354; on the nyctitropic movement of the Cassia, 369

 

Duval-Jouve, on the movements of Bryophyllum calycinum, 237; of the narrow leaves of the Gramineae, 413

 

Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, on the leaves of Crotolaria, 340; on Cassia floribunda, 369, n., on the absorbent hairs on the buried flower-heads of Trifolium subterraneum, 517

 

E.

 

Echeveria stolonifera, circumnutation of leaf, 237

 

Echinocactus viridescens, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97

 

Echinocystis lobata, movements of tendrils, 266

—, apogeotropism of tendrils, 510

 

Elfving, F., on the rhizomes of Sparganium ramosum, 189; on the diageotropic movement in the rhizomes of some plants, 521

 

Elymus arenareus, leaves closed during the day, 413

 

Embryology of leaves, 414

 

Engelmann, Dr., on the Quercus virens, 85

 

Epinasty, 5, 267

 

Epicotyl, or plumule, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges from the ground under the form of an arch, 553

 

Erythrina caffra, sleep of leaves, 367

— corallodendron, movement of terminal leaflet, 367

— crista-galli, effect of temperature on sleep of leaves, 318

—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflets, 367

 

Eucalyptus resinifera, circumnutation of leaves, 244

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EUPHORBIA—GYMNOSPERMS

 

Euphorbia jacquineaeflora, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 388

 

F.

 

Flahault, M., on the rupture of seed-coats, 102-104, 106

 

Flower-stems, circumnutation of, 223-226

 

Fragaria Rosacea, circumnutation of stolon, 214-218

 

Frank, Dr. A. B., the terms Heliotropism and Geotropism, first used by him, 5, n.; radicles acted on by geotropism, 70, n.; on the stolons of Fragaria, 215; periodic and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 284; on the root-leaves of plants kept in darkness, 443; on pulvini, 485; on natural selection in connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570

—, on Transversal-Heliotropismus, 419

 

Fuchsia, circumnutation of stem, 205, 206

 

G.

 

Gazania ringens, circumnutation of stem, 208 Genera containing sleeping plants, 320, 321

 

Geotropism, 5; effect of, on the primary radicle, 196; the reverse of apogeotropism, 512: effect on the tips of radicles, 543

 

Geranium cinereum, 304

— Endressii, 304

— Ibericum, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298

— Richardsoni, 304

— rotundifolium, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 304, 312

— subcaulescens, 304

 

Germinating seed, history of a, 548

 

Githago segetum, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 21, 108

—, burying of hypocotyl, 109

—, seedlings feebly illuminated, 124, 128

—, sleep of cotyledon, 302

—, — leaves 321

 

Glaucium luteum, circumnutation of young leaves, 228

 

Gleditschia, sleep of leaves, 368

 

Glycine hispida, vertical sinking of leaflets, 366

 

Glycyrrhiza, leaflets depressed at night, 355

 

Godlewski, Emil, on the turgescence of the cells, 485

 

Gooseberry, effect of radiation, 284

 

Gossypium (var. Nankin cotton), circumnutation of hypocotyl, 22

—, movement of cotyledon, 22, 23

—, sleep of leaves, 324

—, arboreum (?), sleep of cotyledons, 303

—, Braziliense, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324

—, sleep of cotyledons, 303

— herbaceum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 168

—, radicles cauterised transversely, 537

— maritimum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324

 

Gravitation, movements excited by, 567

 

Gray, Asa, on Delphinium nudicaule, 80; on Megarrhiza Californica, 81; on the movements in the fruiting fronds of Aesplenium trichomanes, 257; on the Amphicarpoea monoica, 520; on the Ipomoea Jalappa, 557

 

Grease, effect of, on radicles and their tips, 182, 185

 

Gressner, Dr. H., on the cotyledons of Cyclamen Persicum, 46, 77; on hypocotyl of the same, 96

 

Gymnosperms, 389

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HABERLANDT—IPOMOEA

 

H.

 

Haberlandt, Dr., on the protuberance on the hypocotyl of Allium, 59; the importance of the arch to seedling plants, 87; sub-a�rial and subterranean cotyledons, 110, n.; the arched hypocotyl, 554

 

Haematoxylon Campechianum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368, 369

 

Hedera helix, circumnutation of stem, 207

 

Hedysarum coronarium, nocturnal movements of leaves, 356

 

Helianthemum prostratum, geotropic movement of flower-heads, 518

 

Helianthus annuus, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 45

—, arching of hypocotyl, 90

—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305

 

Heliotropism, 5; uses of, 449; a modified form of circumnutation, 490

 

Helleborus niger, mode of breaking through the ground, 86

 

Hensen, Prof., on roots in worm-burrows, 72

 

Henslow, Rev. G., on the cotyledons of Phalaris Canariensis, 62

 

Hofmeister, on the curious movement of Spirogyra, 3, 259, n.; of the leaves of Pistia stratiotes, 255; of cotyledons at night, 297; of petals, 414

— and Batalin on the movements of the cabbage, 229

 

Hooker, Sir J., on the effect of light on the pitchers of Sarracenia, 450

 

Hypocotyl, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges under the form of an arch, 553

 

Hypocotyls and Epicotyls, circumnutation and other movements when arched, 98; power of straightening themselves, 100; rupture of the seed-coats, 102-106; illustration of, 106; circumnutation when erect, 107; when in dark, 108

 

Hyponasty, 6, 267

 

I.

Iberis umbellata, movement of stem, 202.

 

Illumination, effect of, on the sleep of leaves, 398

 

Imatophyllum vel Clivia (sp.?), movement of leaves, 255

 

Indigofera tinctoria, leaflets depressed at night, 354

 

Inheritance in plants, 407, 491

 

Insectivorous and climbing plants not heliotropic, 450; influence of light on, 488

 

Ipomoea bona nox, arching of hypocotyl, 90

—, nocturnal position of cotyledons, 306, 312

— coerulea vel Pharbitis nil, circumnutation of seedlings, 47

—, movement of cotyledons, 47-49, 109

—, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 305

—, sleep of leaves, 386

—, sensitiveness to light, 451

—, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453

— coccinea, position of cotyledons at night, 306, 312

— leptophylla, mode of breaking through the ground, 83, 84

—, arching of the petioles of the cotyledons, 90

—, difference in sensitiveness to gravitation in different parts, 509

—, extraordinary manner of germination, 557

[page 582]

 

IPOMOEA—LOTUS

 

Ipomoea pandurata, manner of germination, 84, 557

— purpurea (vel Pharbitis hispida), nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305, 312

—, sleep of leaves, 386

—, sensitiveness to light, 451

—, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453

 

Iris pseudo-acorus, circumnutation of leaves, 253

 

Irmisch, on cotyledons of Ranunculus Ficaria, 96

 

Ivy, its stems heliotropic, 451

 

K.

 

Kerner on the bending down of peduncles, 414

 

Klinostat, the, an instrument devised by Sachs to eliminate geotropism, 93

 

Kraus, Dr. Carl, on the underground shoots of Triticum repens, 189; on Cannabis sativa, 250, 307, 312; on the movements of leaves, 318

L.

 

Lactuca scariola, sleep of cotyledons, 305

 

Lagenaria vulgaris, circumnutation of seedlings, 42

—, of cotyledons, 43

—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304

 

Lathraea squamaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 85

—, quantity of water secreted, 85, 86, n.

 

Lathyrus nissolia, circumnutation of stem of young seedling, 33

—, ellipses described by, 107, 108

 

Leaves, circumnutation of, 226-262; dicotyledons, 226-252; monocotyledons, 252-257; nyctitropism of, 280; their temperature affected by their position at night, 294; nyctitropic or sleep movements, 315, 394; periodicity of their movements inherited, 407; embryology of, 414; so-called diurnal sleep, 445

 

Leguminosae, sleep of cotyledons, 308; sleeping species, 340

 

Le Maout and Decaisne, 67

 

Lepidium sativum, sleep of cotyledons, 302

 

Light, movements excited by 418, 563; influence on most vegetable tissues, 486; acts on plant as on the nervous system of animals, 487

 

Lilium auratum, circumnutation of stem, 212

—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498, 499

 

Linnaeus, ‘Somnus Plantarum’, 280; on plants sleeping, 320; on the leaves of Sida abutilon, 324; on Oenothera mollissima, 383

 

Linum Berendieri, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298

— usitatissimum, circumnutation of stem, 203

 

Lolium perenne, joints affected by apogeotropism, 502

 

Lonicera brachypoda, hooking of the tip, 272

—, sensitiveness to light, 453

 

Loomis, Mr., on the movements in the fruiting fronds of Asplenium trichomanes, 257

 

Lotus aristata, effect of radiation on leaves, 292

— Creticus, leaves awake and asleep, 354

— Gebelii, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 308

—, leaflets provided with pulvini, 353

— Jacobaeus, movements of cotyledons, 35, 109

—, pulvini of, 115

[page 583]

 

LOTUS—MELILOTUS

 

Lotus Jacobaeus, movements at night, 116, 121, 124

—, development of pulvini, 122

—, sleep of cotyledons, 308, 313

—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 353

— major, sleep of leaves, 353

— perigrinus, movement of leaflets, 353

 

Lunularia vulgaris, circumnutation of fronds, 258

 

Lupinus, 340

— albifrons, sleep of leaves, 344

— Hartwegii, sleep of leaves, 341

— luteus, circumnutation of cotyledons, 38, 110

—, effect of darkness, 124

 

Lupinus, position of leaves when asleep, 341

—, different positions of leaves at night, 343

—, varied movements of leaves and leaflets, 395

— Menziesii, sleep of leaves, 343

— mutabilis, sleep of leaves, 343

— nanus, sleep of leaves, 343

— pilosus, sleep of leaves, 340, 341

— polyphyllus, sleep of leaves, 343

— pubescens, sleep of leaves by day and night, 342

—, position of petioles at night, 343

—, movements of petioles, 401

— speciosus, circumnutation of leaves, 236

 

Lynch, Mr. R., on Pachira aquatica, 95, n.; sleep movements of Averrhoa, 330

 

M.

 

Maranta arundinacea, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389-391

—, after much agitation do not sleep, 319

 

Marsilia quadrifoliata, effect of radiation at night, 292

—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 392-394

—, rate of movement, 404

 

Martins, on radiation at night, 284, n.

 

Masters, Dr. Maxwell, on the leading shoots of the Coniferae, 211

 

Maurandia semperflorens, circumnutation of peduncle, 225

Medicago maculata, nocturnal position of leaves, 345

— marina, leaves awake and asleep, 344

 

Meehan, Mr., on the effect of an Aecidium on Portulaca oleracea, 189

 

Megarrhiza Californica, mode of breaking through the ground, 81

—, germination described by Asa Gray, 82

—, singular manner of germination, 83, 556

 

Melaleuca ericaefolia, sleep of leaves, 383

 

Melilotus, sleep of leaves, 345

— alba, sleep of leaves, 347

— coerulea, sleep of leaves, 347

— dentata, effect of radiation at night, 295

— elegans, sleep of leaves, 347

— gracilis, sleep of leaves, 347

— infesta, sleep of leaves, 347

— Italica, leaves exposed at night, 291

—, sleep of leaves, 347

— macrorrhiza, leaves exposed at night, 292

—, sleep