The Power of Movement in Plants - Charles Darwin (top reads txt) 📗

of leaves, 347

— messanensis, sleep of leaves on full-grown and young plants, 348, 416

— officinalis, effect of exposure of leaves at night, 290, 296

—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 346, 347

—, circumnutation of leaves, 348

—, movement of petioles, 401

[page 584]

 

MELILOTUS—NEPTUNIA

 

Melilotus parviflora, sleep of leaves, 347

— Petitpierreana, leaves exposed at night, 291, 296

—, sleep of leaves, 347

— secundiflora, sleep of leaves, 347

— suaveolens, leaves exposed at night, 291

—, sleep of leaves, 347

— sulcata, sleep of leaves, 347

— Taurica, leaves exposed at night, 291

—, sleep of leaves, 347, 415

 

Methods of observation, 6

 

Mimosa albida, cotyledons vertical at night, 116

—, not sensitive to contact, 127

—, sleep of cotyledons, 308

—, rudimentary leaflets, 364

—, nyctitropic movements of leaves, 379, 380

—, circumnutation of the main petiole of young leaf, 381

—, torsion, or rotation of leaves and leaflets, 400

—, first true leaf, 416

—, effect of bright sunshine on basal leaflets, 445

— marginata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381

— pudica, movement of cotyledons, 105

—, rupture of the seed-coats, 105

—, circumnutation of cotyledons, 109

—, pulvini of, 113, 115

—, cotyledons vertical at night, 116

—, hardly sensitive to contact, 127

—, effect of exposure at night, 293

—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297

—, sleep of cotyledons, 308

—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of main petiole, 374-378

—, of leaflets, 378

 

Mimosa albida, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of pinnae, 402

—, number of ellipses described in given time, 406

—, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446

 

Mirabilis jalapa and longiflora, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307

—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 387

 

Mohl, on heliotropism in tendrils, stems, and twining plants, 451

 

Momentum-like movement, the accumulated effects of apogeotropism, 508

 

Monocotyledons, sleep of leaves, 389

 

Monotropa hypopitys, mode of breaking through the ground, 86

 

Morren, on the movements of stamens of Sparmannia and Cereus, 226

 

M�ller, Fritz, on Cassia tora, 34; on the circumnutation of Linum usitatissimum, 203; movements of the flower-stems of an Alisma, 226

 

Mutisia clematis, movement of leaves, 246

—, leaves not heliotropic, 451

 

N.

 

Natural selection in connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570

 

Nephrodium molle, circumnutation of very young frond, 66

—, of older frond, 257

—, slight movement of fronds, 509

 

Neptunia oleracea, sensitiveness to contact, 128

—, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374

—, of pinnae, 402

[page 585]

 

NICOTIANA—OXALIS

 

Nicotiana glauca, sleep of leaves, 385, 386

—, circumnutation of leaves, 386

 

Nobbe, on the rupture of the seed-coats in a seedling of Martynia, 105

 

Nolana prostrata, movement of seedlings in the dark, 50

—, circumnutation of seedling, 108

 

Nyctitropic movement of leaves, 560

 

Nyctitropism, or sleep of leaves, 281; in connection with radiation, 286; object gained by it, 413

 

O.

 

Observation, methods of, 6

 

Oenothera mollissima, sleep of leaves, 383

 

Opuntia basilaris, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 44

—, thickening of the hypocotyl, 96

—, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107

—, burying of, 109

 

Orange, seedling, circumnutation of, 510

 

Orchis pyramidalis, complex movement of pollinia, 489

 

Oxalis acetosella, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224

—, effects of exposure to radiation at night, 287, 288, 296

—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement in full-grown leaf, 326

—, circumnutation of leaflet when asleep, 327

—, rate of circumnutation of leaflets, 404

—, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 447

—, circumnutation of peduncle, 506

Oxalis acetosella, seed-capsules, only occasionally buried, 518

— articulata, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307

— (Biophytum) sensitiva, rapidity of movement of cotyledons during the day, 26

—, pulvinus of, 113

—, cotyledons vertical at night, 116, 118

— bupleurifolia, circumnutation of foliaceous petiole, 328

—, nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflet, 329

— carnosa, circumnutation of flower-stem, 223

—, epinastic movements of flower-stem, 504

—, effect of exposure at night, 288, 296

—, movements of the flower-peduncles due to apogeotropism and other forces, 503-506

— corniculata (var. cuprea), movements of cotyledons, 26

—, rising of cotyledons, 116

—, rudimentary pulvini of cotyledons, 119

—, development of pulvinus, 122

—, effect of dull light, 124

—, experiments on leaves at night, 288

— floribunda, pulvinus of cotyledons, 114

—, nocturnal movement, 118, 307, 313

— fragrans, sleep of leaves, 324

— Ortegesii, circumnutation of flower-stems, 224

—, sleep of large leaves, 327

—, diameter of plant at night, 402

—, large leaflets affected by bright sunshine, 447

— Plumierii, sleep of leaves, 327

— purpurea, exposure of leaflets at night, 293

— rosea, circumnutation of cotyledons, 23, 24

[page 586]

 

OXALIS—PHASEOLUS

 

Oxalis rosea, pulvinus of, 113

—, movement of cotyledons at night, 117, 118, 307

—, effect of dull light, 124

—, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127

— sensitiva, movement of cotyledons, 109, 127, 128

—, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224

—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307, 312

—, sleep of leaves, 327

— tropoeoloides, movement of cotyledons at night, 118, 120

— Valdiviana, conjoint circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyl, 25

—, cotyledons rising vertically at night, 114, 115, 117, 118

—, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127

—, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 307, 312

—, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 315

—, movements of leaves, 327

 

P.

 

Pachira aquatica, unequal cotyledons, 95, n.

 

Pancratium littorale, movement of leaves, 255

 

Paraheliotropism, or diurnal sleep of leaves, 445

 

Passiflora gracilis, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves, 383, 384

—, apogeotropic movement of tendrils, 510

—, sensitiveness of tendrils, 550

Pelargonium zonale, circumnutation of stem, 203

—, and downward movement of young leaf, 232, 233, 269

 

Petioles, the rising of beneficial to plant at night, 402

 

Petunia violacea, downward movement and circumnutation of very young leaf, 248, 249, 269.

 

Pfeffer, Prof., on the turgescence of the cells, 2; on pulvini of leaves, 113, 117; sleep movements of leaves, 280, 283, 284; nocturnal rising of leaves of Malva, 324; movements of leaflets in Desmodium gyrans, 358; on Phyllanthus Niruri, 388; influence of a pulvinus on leaves, 396; periodic movements of sleeping leaves, 407, 408; movements of petals, 414; effect of bright sunshine on leaflets of Robinia, 445; effect of light on parts provided with pulvini, 363

 

Phalaris Canariensis, movements of old seedlings, 62

—, circumnutation of cotyledons, 63, 64, 108

—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon towards a dim lateral light, 427

—, sensitiveness of cotyledon to light, 455

—, effect of exclusion of light from tips of cotyledons, 456

—, manner of bending towards light, 457

—, effects of painting with Indian ink, 467

—, transmitted effects of light, 469

—, lateral illumination of tip, 470

—, apogeotropic movement of the sheath-like cotyledons, 497

—, change from a straight upward apogeotropic course to circumnutation, 499

—, apogeotropic movement of cotyledons, 500

 

Phaseolus Hernandesii, nocturnal movement of leaves and leaflets, 368

—, caracalla, 93

—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368

—, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446

[page 587]

 

PHASEOLUS—QUERCUS

 

Phaseolus multiflorus, movement of radicles, 29

—, of young radicle, 72

—, of hypocotyl, 91, 93

—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 163-167

—, to moist air, 181

—, cauterisation and grease on the tips, 535

—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368

—, nyctitropic movement of the first unifoliate leaves, 397

— Roxburghii, effect of bright sunshine on first leaves, 445

—, vulgaris, 93

—, sleep of leaves, 318

—, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368

 

Phyllanthus Niruri, sleep of leaflets, 388

— linoides, sleep of leaves, 387

 

Pilocereus Houlletii, rudimentary cotyledons, 97

 

Pimelia spectabilis, sleep of leaves, 387

 

Pincers, wooden, through which the radicle of a bean was allowed to grow, 75

 

Pinus austriaca, circumnutation of leaves, 251, 252

— Nordmanniana, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389

— pinaster, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 56

—, movement of two opposite cotyledons, 57

—, circumnutation of young leaf, 250, 251

—, epinastic downward movement of young leaf, 270

 

Pistia stratiotes, movement of leaves, 255

 

Pisum sativum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 158

—, tips of radicles cauterised transversely, 534

 

Plants, sensitiveness to light, 449; hygroscopic movements of, 489

 

Plants, climbing, circumnutation of, 264; movements of, 559

—, mature, circumnutation of, 201-214

 

Pliny on the sleep-movements of plants, 280

 

Plumbago Capensis, circumnutation of stem, 208, 209

 

Poinciana Gilliesii, sleep of leaves, 368

 

Polygonum aviculare, leaves vertical at night, 387

— convolvulus, sinking of the leaves at night, 318

 

Pontederia (sp.?), circumnutation of leaves, 256

 

Porlieria hygrometrica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of petiole of leaf, 335, 336

—, effect of watering, 336-338

—, leaflets closed during the day, 413

 

Portulaca oleracea, effect of Aecidium on, 189

 

Primula Sinensis, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 45, 46

 

Pringsheim on the injury to chlorophyll, 446

 

Prosopis, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374

Psoralea acaulis, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 354

 

Pteris aquilina, rachis of, 86

 

Pulvini, or joints; of cotyledons, 112-122; influence of, on the movements of cotyledons, 313; effect on nyctitropic movements, 396

 

Q.

 

Quercus (American sp.), circumnutation of young stem, 53, 54

— robur, movement of radicles, 54, 55

—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 174-176

[page 588]

 

QUERCUS—SACHS

 

Quercus virens, manner of germination, 85, 557

 

R.

 

Radiation at night, effect of, on leaves, 284-286

 

Radicles, manner in which they penetrate the ground, 69-77; circumnutation of 69; experiments with split sticks, 74; with wooden pincers, 75; sensitiveness of apex to contact and other irritants, 129; of Vicia faba, 132-158; various experiments, 135-140; summary of results, 143-151; power of an irritant on, compared with geotropism, 151-154; sensitiveness of tip to moist air, 180; with greased tips, 185; effect of killing or injuring the primary radicle, 187-191; curvature of, 193; affected by moisture, 198; tip alone sensitive to geotropism, 540; protrusion and circumnutation in a germinating seed, 548; tip highly sensitive, 550; the tip acts like the brain of one of the lower animals, 573

—, secondary, sensitiveness of the tips in the bean, 154; become vertically geotropic, 186-191

 

Ramey on the movements of the cotyledons of Mimosa pudica, and Clianthus Dampieri at night, 297

 

Ranunculus Ficaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 86, 90

—, single cotyledon, 96

—, effect of lateral light, 484

 

Raphanus sativa, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 171

—, sleep of cotyledons, 301

 

Rattan, Mr., on the germination of the seeds of Megarrhiza Californica, 82

 

Relation between circumnutation and heliotropism, 435

 

Reseda odorata, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454

 

Reversion, due to mutilation, 190

Rhipsalis cassytha, rudimentary cotyledons, 97

 

Ricinus Borboniensis, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 53

 

Robinia, effect of bright sunshine on its leaves, 445

— pseudo-acacia, leaflets vertical at night, 355

 

Rodier, M., on the movements of Ceratophyllum demersum, 211

 

Royer, Ch., on the sleep-movements of plants, 281, n.; on the sleep of leaves, 318; the leaves of Medicago maculata, 345; on Wistaria Sinensis, 354

 

Rubus idaeus (hybrid) circumnutation of stem, 205

—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498

 

Ruiz and Pavon, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336

 

S.

 

SACHS on “revolving nutation,” 1; intimate connection between turgescence and growth, 2, n.; cotyledon of the onion, 59; adaptation of root-hairs, 69; the movement of the radicle, 70, 72, 73; movement in the hypocotyls of the bean, etc., 91; sensitiveness of radicles, 131, 145, 198; sensitiveness of the primary radicle in the bean, 155; in the common pea, 156; effect of moist air, 180; of killing or injuring the primary radicle, 186, 187; circumnutation of flower-stems, 225; epinasty, 268; movements of leaflets of Trifolium incarnatum, 350; action of light in modifying the periodic movements of leaves, 418; on geotropism and heliotropism, 436, n.; on Tropaeolum majus, 453;

[page 589]

 

SARRACENIA—STAPELIA

 

on the hypocotyls slightly heliotropic, and stems strongly apheliotropic