Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction by Allen Guelzo (icecream ebook reader txt) 📗

Gallagher, “An Old-Fashioned Soldier in a Modern War? Robert E. Lee as Confederate General,” Civil War History 45 (December 1999): 311–12; Lee, in “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston, May 7, 1868, and March 18, 1870,” 479; Pollard, The Lost Cause, 46, 49.

73. Shorter, in War of the Rebellion, Series Four, 1:773; Malcolm C. McMillan, The Disintegration of a Confederate State: Three Governors and Alabama’s Wartime Home Front, 1861–1865 (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1986), 33.

74. “Henry L. Benning’s Secessionist Speech,” in Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860, 142.

75. Southern Editorials on Secession, ed. Dumond, 408.

76. “Constitution of the ‘Confederate States of America,’” March 11, 1861, in Rebellion Record, 2:321–27; “Constitution of the ‘Confederate’ States,” in Political History of the Rebellion, 98–100; Marshall L. DeRosa, The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry into American Constitutionalism (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), 23, 40–44, 91–101.

77. Davis, “Inaugural Address of the President of the Provisional Government,” February 18, 1861, in Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, 1:35.

78. Reagan, Memoirs with Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War (New York: Neale, 1906), 252; William J. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Knopf/Random House, 2000), 351–57; Morris Schaff, Jefferson Davis: His Life and Personality (Boston: J. W. Luce, 1922), 76.

79. Steven E. Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 305–16.

80. Davis to W. M. Brooks, March 13, 1862, and to Varina Davis, June 11, 1862, in Jefferson Davis: Letters, Papers and Speeches, 5: 216–17, 272; Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour, 504.

81. John Sergeant Wise, The End of an Era (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901), 401–2; Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 147–48.

82. Burton Jesse Hendrick, Statesmen of the Lost Cause: Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet (New York: Literary Guild, 1939), 188; Jon L. Wakelyn, “Christopher Gustavus Memminger,” in Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary, ed. C. F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 288–95.

83. Strode, Jefferson Davis, 2:17–18; Henry Dickson Capers, The Life and Times of C. G. Memminger (Richmond, VA: Everett Waddey, 1893), 10–11.

84. Douglas B. Ball, Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 85–98, 128–29; Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy, 135.

85. Gorgas, diary entry for October 29, 1863, in Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 85.

86. Thomas Alexander and Richard Beringer, The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress: A Study of the Influences of Member Characteristics on Legislative Voting Behavior, 1861–1865 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1972), 406ff.; Wilfred Buck Yearns, The Confederate Congress (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1960), 9–10, 15–16; Gaither to Zebulon Vance, April 24, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:131–32; John E. Gonzales, “Henry Stuart Foote: Confederate Congressman and Exile,” Civil War History 11 (December 1965): 390; Clement Eaton, Jefferson Davis (New York: Free Press, 1977), 211; Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy, 63; Peter J. Parish, The American Civil War (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1975), 218–19.

87. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” March 28 and August 18, 1862, Messages and Papers, 1:205–6, 236; “The Rebel Conscription Law,” in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1864), 1(Supp.):324–25; David J. Eicher, Dixie Betrayed: How the South Really Lost the Civil War (New York: Little, Brown, 2006), 104, 217.

88. Joseph H. Parks, Joseph E. Brown of Georgia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 204; Brown to Stephens, July 2, 1863, in The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, ed. U. B. Phillips (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1913), 598; Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (New York: Macmillan, 1924), 24, 298–99; Yearns, The Confederate Congress, 83.

89. Phelan to Davis, December 9, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 17(II):790; Robinson, Bitter Fruits of Bondage, 183–87; Paul D. Escott, After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 120; Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy, 71.

90. John Christopher Schwab, The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1901), 202–8; Emory Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 198; Neely, Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation, 319–20.

91. William A. Smith to Zebulon Vance, January 3, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:3; Wilfred Buck Yearns, “Florida,” in The Confederate Governors (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 36, 68.

92. Gregory P. Downs, Declarations of Dependence: The Long Reconstruction of Popular Politics in the South, 1861–1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 35; John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, ed. E. S. Miers (New York: Sagamore Press, 1958), 309, 316, 345, 349; “Inflation Grips the South: Luther Swank Reports from a Field Hospital,” ed. Horace Mathews, Civil War Times Illustrated 22 (March 1983): 46.

93. Pickett to D. H. Maury, December 10, 1861, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 5:991–92; Richard N. Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992), 195–97.

94. Vance to James A. Seddon, January 5, 1863, and L. S. Fash to Vance, June 1, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:5, 180.

95. Philip S. Paludan, Victims: A True Story of the Civil War (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981), 84–98; Mark E. Neely, Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 18–22.

96. Seddon to Vance, May 23, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Vance, 2:167; Lesley J. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 130–34; Victoria E. Bynum, The Free State of Jones: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 115–21.

97. “Letter of Alexander Stephens