Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction by Allen Guelzo (icecream ebook reader txt) 📗

on State Sovereignty,” September 22, 1864, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1868), 11:182–84; Steven E. Woodworth, “The Last Function of Government: Confederate Collapse and Negotiated Peace,” in The Collapse of the Confederacy, eds. Mark Grimsley and Brooks Simpson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 23; Escott, After Secession, 155.

98. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” December 7, 1863, in Messages and Papers, 1:366, 369, 371; “Secret Session,” February 1 and February 17, 1864, in Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, 3:648–53, 797; Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave Off Defeat (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 28–29; Eicher, Dixie Betrayed, 142; Vance to Gabriel J. Rains, March 31, 1863, in Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:102.

99. Davis, “To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States,” November 7, 1864, in Messages and Papers, 1:495.

100. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 139; Howell and Elizabeth Purdue, Pat Cleburne: Confederate General (Hillsboro, TX: Hill Jr. College Press, 1973), 267; O. G. Eiland to Davis, July 20, 1863, in Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 103–4.

101. Beringer, Why the South Lost the Civil War, 384–85; Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 215.

102. “Open Session,” March 8, 1865, in Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 4:670; Bruce Levine, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 118.

103. George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper, 1865), 59; “A Colored Man,” September 1863, in Freedom’s Soldiers, 110; Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 288–89.

104. Gallagher, The Confederate War, 87, 140, 157, 163, 172; Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 102–11, 138, 141, 153, 163, 246–48.

1. Willard Glazier, The Capture, the Prison Pen, and the Escape: Giving a Complete History of Prison Life in the South (Hartford, CT: H. E. Goodwin, 1867), 38.

2. John Algernon Owens, Sword and Pen: or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier in War and Literature (Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler, 1889), 222.

3. Glazier, The Capture, the Prison Pen, and the Escape, 287–306.

4. Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987), 83–84; LaWanda Cox, “The Perception of Injustice and Race Policy: James F. McGogy and the Freedmen’s Bureau in Alabama,” in Freedom, Racism, and Reconstruction: Collected Writings of LaWanda Cox (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 183; Lincoln, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” in Collected Works, 5: 371–72.

5. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), 1:8–15; Alfred M. Green, in The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted during the War for the Union, ed. James M. McPherson (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 32–33; Wilson, in Mia Bay, The White Image in the Black Mind: African American Ideas About White People (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 76.

6. “Northern Black Sergeant to the Headquarters of the Department of the South,” October 15, 1864, in Freedom, A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867: Series Two, The Black Military Experience, Ira Berlin et al., eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 342.

7. Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: Long-mans, Green, 1956), 185; David W. McCullough, Brooklyn—and How It Got That Way (New York: Dial Press, 1983), 35–36; Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 91; Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: Free Press, 1990), 191–96.

8. “General Orders No. 60,” August 26, 1862, in The War of the Rebellion, Series Two, 4:857; “General Orders No. 111,” in Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, 1:274; Gregory J. W. Urwin, Black Flag over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 41–42, 166; Kirby-Smith to Taylor, June 13, 1863, in Report on the Treatment of Prisoners of War by the Rebel Authorities During the War of the Rebellion (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1869), 641; Richard Reid, Freedom for Themselves: North Carolina’s Black Soldiers in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 94–95.

9. “Statement of William J. Mays, Company B, Thirteenth Tennessee Cavalry,” April 18, 1864, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 32(I):525; John Cimprich, Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 72–85.

10. Brig. Gen. Augustus Chetlain to Washburne, April 14, 1864, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 32(I):364; James M. Williams, May 26, 1863, in Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861–1867: Series Two (Book One): The Black Military Experience, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 574; Lincoln, “Order of Retaliation,” July 30, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:357; Craig L. Symonds, Lincoln and His Admirals: Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. Navy, and the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 48.

11. James Henry Gooding, On the Altar of Freedom: A Black Soldier’s Civil War Letters from the Front, ed. Virginia M. Adams (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 9.

12. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 107–8.

13. George H. Boker, “The Black Regiment,” in Poems of the War (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), 101–3.

14. Theodore Lyman, May 18, 1864, in Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, ed. G. R. Agassiz (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1922), 102; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, U.S. Army, commanding Department of the Gulf,” May 30, 1863,