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it's then that I come forth. 

yadā yadā hi dharmasya glānir bhavati bhārata
abhyutthānam adharmasya tadātmānaį¹ sį¹›ijāmyaham

Ch4, V8

Itā€™s thus I from time to time
Manifest here to uproot ill   
And uphold well for public good.

paritrāį¹‡Äya sādhÅ«nāį¹ vināśhāya cha duį¹£hkį¹›itām
dharma-sansthāpanārthāya sambhavāmi yuge yuge

Ch4, V9

Grasp who this true self of Me  
Are bound to become one with Me.

janma karma cha me divyam evaį¹ yo vetti tattvataįø„
tyaktvā dehaį¹ punar janma naiti mām eti so ā€™rjuna

Ch4, V10  

So with who lead poised life
Reining in their base instincts.   

vÄ«ta-rāga-bhaya-krodhā man-mayā mām upāśhritāįø„
bahavo jƱāna-tapasā pÅ«tā mad-bhāvam āgatāįø„.

Now read the next three out of context verses that follow-

V 11 - In whatever way people surrender unto me, I reciprocate with them accordingly. Everyone follows my path, knowingly or unknowingly, O son of Pritha.

V12 - In this world, those desiring success in material activities worship the celestial gods, since material rewards manifest quickly.

V13 - It is I who engineered the division of men into four varna (castes) based on their guna (innate nature) and karma (earthly duties) but yet although I am the creator of this system, know me to be the non-doer and eternal.

It may also be noted that while V11 is a replica of V9, V12 is a worn out ritualistic hymn and V13 comes from nowhere, without rhyme or reason, with its second line being the borrowing of the first line of the succeeding v14 and the last one a rehash of the verse of the seventh chapter that follows it hereunder ā€“

Ch4, V14

Detached Am from what happens     
It's this knowledge that frees man.

na māį¹ karmāį¹‡i limpanti na me karma-phale spį¹›ihā
iti māį¹ yo ā€™bhijānāti karmabhir na sa badhyate.

And onto ā€“

Ch7, V12

Virtue, passion so too delusion  
Send I forth though all of them

Come to dwell in none of them                                                                                          

ye chaiva sāttvikā bhāvā rājasās tāmasāśh cha ye                                   
matta eveti tān viddhi na tvahaį¹ teį¹£hu te mayi

So, going by Krishnaā€™s narrative up to V10, it is left for man to make it to the Him and in V14 heā€™s detached from the goings on in this world, so his alleged creation of the four castes that too based on group nature does not jell, and moreover, he had stated that

Ch6, V5

Noble or naughty itā€™s thy make
Self thus thine but shapes thyself

uddhared ātmanātmānaį¹ nātmānam avasādayet
ātmaiva hyātmano bandhur ātmaiva ripur ātmanaįø„

Now the following v24 to v32 that are of religious / ritualistic nature, like in the previous chapter, clearly are out of context besides being prejudicial to the Gitaā€™s philosophical character. Moreover, prior to this seemingly interpolated body of eleven slokas, the nature of the Supreme Spirit and the conduct of those who realize it are dealt with as follows:

Ch4,V20  
He that content leans on none 
Resigned he lives in thick of things. 

tyaktvā karma-phalāsaį¹…gaį¹ nitya-tį¹›ipto nirāśhrayaįø„
karmaį¹‡yabhipravį¹›itto ā€™pi naiva kiƱchit karoti saįø„

Ch4,V21  
Mind if keeps thy greed at bay
Itā€™s no sin thou meet thy needs.

nirāśhÄ«r yata-chittātmā tyakta-sarva-parigrahaįø„
śhārÄ«raį¹ kevalaį¹ karma kurvan nāpnoti kilbiį¹£ham

Ch4,V22  
One that truly well realized 
Happy being with his share 
Rids of envy from his mind 
Easy he feels ever engaged 
Treats he alike grief ā€™n joy 
Wins ā€™n losses not to speak.

yadį¹›ichchhā-lābha-santuį¹£hį¹­o dvandvātÄ«to vimatsaraįø„
samaįø„ siddhāvasiddhau cha kį¹›itvāpi na nibadhyate

Ch4, V23

Acts of man to favour none 
Grace they have of deeds selfless.

gata-saį¹…gasya muktasya jƱānāvasthita-chetasaįø„
yajƱāyācharataįø„ karma samagraį¹ pravilÄ«yate

After the self-actualization clues is this recurring ritualistic regimen thatā€™s an anathema to Krishna!

V24 

brahmārpaį¹‡aį¹ brahma havir brahmāgnau brahmaį¹‡Ä hutam
brahmaiva tena gantavyaį¹ brahma-karma-samādhinā

For those who are completely absorbed in God-consciousness, the oblation is Brahman, the ladle with which it is offered is Brahman, the act of offering is Brahman, and the sacrificial fire is also Brahman. Such persons, who view everything as God, easily attain him.

V25 

daivam evāpare yajƱaį¹ yoginaįø„ paryupāsate
brahmāgnāvapare yajƱaį¹ yajƱenaivopajuhvati

Some yogis worship the celestial gods with material offerings unto them. Others worship perfectly who offer the self as sacrifice in the fire of the Supreme Truth.

V26 

śhrotrādÄ«nÄ«ndriyāį¹‡yanye sanyamāgniį¹£hu juhvati
śhabdādÄ«n viį¹£hayānanya indriyāgniį¹£hu juhvati

Others offer hearing and other senses in the sacrificial fire of restraint. Still others offer

sound and other objects of the senses as sacrifice in the fire of the senses.

V27 

sarvāį¹‡Ä«ndriya-karmāį¹‡i prāį¹‡a-karmāį¹‡i chāpare
ātma-sanyama-yogāgnau juhvati jƱāna-dīpite

Some, inspired by knowledge, offer the functions of all their senses and their life energy in the fire of the controlled mind.

V28                                                                                                                  

dravya-yajƱās tapo-yajƱā yoga-yajƱās tathāpare                                 
swādhyāya-jƱāna-yajĆ±ÄÅ›h cha yatayaįø„ sanśhita-vratāįø„

Some offer their wealth as sacrifice, while others offer severe austerities as sacrifice. Some practice the eight-fold path of yogic practices, and yet others study the scriptures and cultivate knowledge as sacrifice, while observing strict vows.

V29 

apāne juhvati prāį¹‡aį¹ prāį¹‡e ā€™pānaį¹ tathāpare
prāį¹‡Äpāna-gatÄ« ruddhvā prāį¹‡Äyāma-parāyaį¹‡Äįø„ 

Still others offer as sacrifice the outgoing breath in the incoming breath, while some offer the incoming breath into the outgoing breath. Some arduously practice prāį¹‡Äyām and restrain the incoming and outgoing breaths, purely absorbed in the regulation of the life-energy.

V30 

apare niyatāhārāįø„ prāį¹‡Än prāį¹‡eį¹£hu juhvati
sarve ā€™pyete yajƱa-vido yajƱa-kį¹£hapita-kalmaį¹£hāįø„ 

Yet others curtail their food intake and offer the breath into the life-energy as sacrifice. All these knowers of sacrifice are cleansed of their impurities as a result of such performances.

V31 

yajƱa-śhiį¹£hį¹­Ämį¹›ita-bhujo yānti brahma sanātanam
nāyaį¹ loko ā€™styayajƱasya kuto ā€™nyaįø„ kuru-sattama

Those who know the secret of sacrifice, and engaging in it, partake of its remnants that are like nectar, advance toward the Absolute Truth. O best of the Kurus, those who perform no sacrifice find no happiness either in this world or the next.

V32 

evaį¹ bahu-vidhā yajƱā vitatā brahmaį¹‡o mukhe
karma-jān viddhi tān sarvān evaį¹ jƱātvā vimokį¹£hyase

All these different kinds of sacrifice have been described in the Vedas. Know them as originating from different types of work; this understanding cuts the knots of material bondage.

What is more, the discontinuity in the discourse, brought about by the body of the above interpolative verses, would be self-evident if we read the preceding v23 (cited already) and the succeeding v33 of this very chapter:

Ch4, V23

Acts of man to favour none 
Grace they have of deeds selfless.

gata-saį¹…gasya muktasya jƱānāvasthita-chetasaįø„
yajƱāyācharataįø„ karma samagraį¹ pravilÄ«yate

Ch4, V33

Better wise deeds than acts selfless 
Wise thus strive to better themselves.

śhreyān dravya-mayād yajƱāj jƱāna-yajƱaįø„ parantapa
sarvaį¹ karmākhilaį¹ pārtha jƱāne parisamāpyate

And then this

V34 

tad viddhi praį¹‡ipātena paripraśhnena sevayā
upadekį¹£hyanti te jƱānaį¹ jƱāninas tattva-darśhinaįø„

Learn the Truth by approaching a spiritual master. Inquire from him with reverence and render service unto him. Such an enlightened Saint can impart knowledge unto you because he has seen the Truth.

This indeed is laughable to say the least for not only was Krishna imparting divine wisdom to Arjuna at that very moment that is but also is absurd in the context of the discourse fashioned to set the latterā€™s fears at rest in the battlefield itself, then and there.

 

Chapter 5: Karmaā€“Sanyasa Yoga

 

What characterizes the interpolations in this chapter of 29 verses is the tasteless ā€˜Omnipresence of the Supreme in Brahmins, cows, elephants, dogs and dog eatersā€™ of v18, which could be but an interpolation as it ill-behoves Krishnaā€™s eloquence and his sophistication of expression seen throughout the genuine text.

Moreover, V27-v28 that deal with yogic practices and V29, which asserts the Supreme as the beneficiary of sacrificial rituals, are but interpolation for reasons that bear no repetition.

In response to Arjunaā€™s plea at the very outset, Krishna delves into the renunciation of action.  

Ch5, V1

Pray be clear, as Thee aver

Act ā€™n give up in selfsame breath.                                           

sannyāsaį¹ karmaį¹‡Äį¹ kį¹›iį¹£hį¹‡a punar yogaį¹ cha śhansasi
yach chhreya etayor ekaį¹ tan me brÅ«hi su-niśhchitam

Then, Krishna sets the tone for the self-help with the opening statement thus:

Ch5, V2

Give up all ā€™n thou be freed                                               

Soā€™s the case with selfless work

But know latter scores much better.  

sannyāsaįø„ karma-yogaśh cha niįø„śhreyasa-karāvubhau
tayos tu karma-sannyāsāt karma-yogo viśhiį¹£hyate

Continuing in the same vein, Krishna affirms that ā€“ 

Ch5, V17

In clear conscience ā€™n fairness 
Gives man freedom faith in Him.

tad-buddhayas tad-ātmānas tan-niį¹£hį¹­hās tat-parāyaį¹‡Äįø„
gachchhantyapunar-āvį¹›ittiį¹ jƱāna-nirdhÅ«ta-kalmaį¹£hāįø„

Next appears the silly and tasteless description of the Omnipresence of the Supreme in Brahmans, cows, elephants, dogs, and dog eaters!  Wonder if this is not an idiotic interpolation, then what it is only the blind votaries of the Gita ā€˜as it isā€™ can explain

V18 

vidyā-vinaya-sampanne brāhmaį¹‡e gavi hastini
śhuni chaiva śhva-pāke cha paį¹‡įøitāįø„ sama-darśhinaįø„ 

The truly learned, with the eyes of divine knowledge, see with equal vision a Brahmin, a cow, an elephant, a dog, and a dog-eater.

In contrast, the succeeding verse is the true successor of the former (V17).

Ch5, V19

Keeps who equity ever in thought   
Faultless being attains he Brahman.

ihaiva tair jitaįø„ sargo yeį¹£hāį¹ sāmye sthitaį¹ manaįø„                            
nirdoį¹£haį¹ hi samaį¹ brahma tasmād brahmaį¹‡i te sthitāįø„

Now, over to the other interpolations -

V27                                                                        

sparśhān kį¹›itvā bahir bāhyānśh chakį¹£huśh chaivāntare bhruvoįø„
prāį¹‡Äpānau samau kį¹›itvā nāsābhyantara-chāriį¹‡au

Keeping external sense objects outside, and eyes in the center of the eyebrows, and also equalizing the incoming and outgoing flow of breath inside the nostrils;

V28 

yatendriya-mano-buddhir munir mokį¹£ha-parāyaį¹‡aįø„
vigatechchhā-bhaya-krodho yaįø„ sadā mukta eva saįø„

That person who has restrained his senses, mind and intellect, and whose ultimate goal is liberation, who is devoid of desire, fear and anger; that person is also a monk, he is ever liberated.

The v27 that deals with yogic practices and v28 for its ascetic association with it would not fit even in the Gitaā€™s spiritual space and thus are but interpolations for reasons that bear no repetition.  

V29 

bhoktāraį¹ yajƱa-tapasāį¹ sarva-loka-maheśhvaram

suhį¹›idaį¹ sarva-bhÅ«tānāį¹ jƱātvā māį¹ śhāntim į¹›ichchhati

Having realized Me as the enjoyer of all sacrifices and austerities, the Supreme Lord of all the worlds and the selfless Friend of all living beings, My devotee attains peace.

This Supreme as the beneficiary of the sacrificial rituals is but an interpolative hat, and thus these four verses are nothing but inane interpolations. 

 

Chapter - 6: Ātma Samyama Yoga 

 

This chapter of 47 verses deals with all aspects of self-control needed for renunciation in action. Here Arjunaā€™s queries as to what would be the fate of man in his efforts at self- control were he to fail midway, (v37). Even if it were the case, assures Krishna, still one wouldn't come to grief here or hereafter (v40). In this context of the renunciation in action, the yoga-class that follows (v10-v17) informative though, is but a square peg in the round philosophical hole that this discourse is, and so the following verses are but interpolations, even going by what is stated in the very opening verse by Krishna: 

Ch6, V1

Forego none if forsake chores 
Eye not gain ā€™n thou be freed.

anāśhritaįø„ karma-phalaį¹ kāryaį¹ karma karoti yaįø„
sa sannyāsÄ« cha yogÄ« cha na niragnir na chākriyaįø„

V10 

yogÄ« yuƱjÄ«ta satatam ātmānaį¹ rahasi sthitaįø„
ekākÄ« yata-chittātmā nirāśhÄ«r aparigrahaįø„

Those seeking Yogice state must reside in seclusion, constantly engaged in meditation

with a controlled mind and body, getting rid of desires and possessions for enjoyment.

V11 

śhuchau deśhe pratiį¹£hį¹­hāpya sthiram āsanam ātmanaįø„
nātyuchchhritaį¹ nāti-nÄ«chaį¹ chailājina-kuśhottaram 

To practice Yog, one should make an Äsan (seat) in a sanctified place, by placing kuśh grass, deer skin, and a cloth, one over the other. The Äsan should be neither too high nor too low.

V12 

tatraikāgraį¹ manaįø„ kį¹›itvā yata-chittendriya-kriyaįø„
upaviśhyāsane yuƱjyād yogam ātma-viśhuddhaye

Seated firmly on it, the yogi should strive to purify the mind by focusing it in meditation with one pointed concentration, controlling all thoughts and activities.

V13 

samaį¹ kāya-śhiro-grÄ«vaį¹ dhārayann achalaį¹ sthiraįø„
samprekį¹£hya nāsikāgraį¹ svaį¹ diśhaśh chānavalokayan

He must hold the body, neck, and head firmly in a straight line, and gaze at the tip of the nose, without allowing the eyes to wander.

V14 

praśhāntātmā vigata-bhÄ«r brahmachāri-vrate sthitaįø„

manaįø„ sanyamya mach-chitto yukta āsÄ«ta mat-paraįø„

Thus,with a serene, fearless, and unwavering mind, and staunch in the vow of celibacy, the vigilant yogi should meditate on me, having me alone as the supreme goal.

V15 

yuƱjann evaį¹ sadātmānaį¹ yogÄ« niyata-mānasaįø„
śhantiį¹ nirvāį¹‡a-paramāį¹ mat-sansthām adhigachchhati

Thus, constantly keeping the mind absorbed in me, the yogi of disciplined mind attains nirvāį¹‡,

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