The Esperanto Teacher - Helen Fryer (easy books to read in english .txt) 📗
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8A.
The Ordinal Numbers, first, second, etc., are formed by adding “a” to the Cardinal Numbers, as “unua”, first; “dua”, second; “tria”, third; “kvara”, fourth; “deka”, tenth; “centa”, hundredth; “mila”, thousandth. The compound numbers are joined together by hyphens, and “a” is added to the last, as “dekunua”, eleventh; “la tridek-nauxa pagxo”, the thirty-ninth page; la “cent-kvardek-kvina psalmo”, the 145th psalm. Being adjectives, the Ordinal Numbers take the plural “j” and accusative “n” when necessary.
The Ordinals are used to tell the hour, as “Estas la trio, horo”, It is 3 o’clock. The Cardinal Numbers are used for the minutes, as “A quarter past three” is “La tria horo kaj dekkvin”; “Ten minutes to five,” “La kvara horo kaj kvindek”.
Januaro estas la unua monato de la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara, Novembro estas la dekunua, kaj Decembro estas la dek-dua. La dudeka (tago) de Februaro estas la kvindek-unua tago de la jaro. La sepan tagon de la semajno Dio elektis, ke gxi estu pli sankta, ol la ses unuaj tagoj. Kion Dio kreis en la sesa tago? Kiun daton ni havas hodiaux? Hodiaux estas la dudek-sepa (tago) de Marto. Kristnaska Tago estas la dudek-kvina (tago) de Decembro, Novjara Tago estas la unua de Januaro. Oni ne forgesas facile sian unuan amon.
LESSON 9.
The names of certain quantities are formed from the cardinal numbers by adding “o”, as “dekduo”, a dozen; “dudeko”, a score; “cento”, a hundred; “milo”, a thousand. These names, as well as names of quantities generally, require to be followed by “da”, of, as “dekduo da birdoj”, a dozen (of) birds, but “dekdu birdoj”, twelve birds; “dudeko da pomoj”, a score of apples; “cento da sxafoj”, or “cent sxafoj”, a hundred sheep; “milo da homoj”, a thousand people; “miloj da homoj”, thousands of people.
When these expressions form the object of the verb, it is the name of the number which takes “-n”, not the noun which follows “da”, as “Li acxetis dudekon da sxafoj”, He bought a score of sheep.
For “firstly, secondly”, etc., “-e” is added to the number, as “unue”, firstly; “kvine”, fifthly; “deke”, tenthly. (See Lesson 12).
VOCABULARY.
urbo : town. acxet- : buy.
logxanto : inhabitant. dank- : thank.
kulero : spoon. pet- : beg, request.
forko : fork. bezon- : want, need.
mono : money. kost- : cost.
prunto : loan. poste : afterwards.
metro : metre. tiu cxi : this.
sxtofo : stuff. por : for.
franko : franc (about 10d.). re- : prefix, meaning again
atakanto : assailant. or back.
pago : payment. tial : therefore.
miliono : a million. aux : or.
prunt- : lend. da : of (after a quantity).
Mi havas cent pomojn. Mi havas centon da pomoj. Tiu cxi urbo havas milionon da logxantoj. Mi acxetis dekduon da kuleroj, kaj du dekduojn da forkoj. Mil jaroj (aux, milo da jaroj) faras miljaron.
Unue mi redonas al vi la monon, kiun vi pruntis al mi; due mi dankas vin por la prunto; trie mi petas vin ankaux poste prunti al mi, kiam mi bezonos monon.
9A.
To express a certain part or fraction, “-on-” is added to the number specifying what part, as 1/2, unu “duono”; 1/3, unu “triono”; 1/4, unu “kvarono”; 1/10, unu “dekono”; 1/1000 unu “milono”; 1/1000000, unu “milionono”. These words, being nouns, take “j” and “n” when required—3/10, “tri dekonoj”; 27/200, “dudek-sep ducentonoj”; 19/1000, “deknaux milonoj. Mi mangxis tri kvaronojn de la kuko”, I ate three-quarters of the cake (see Lesson 35).
To express so many times a number “-obl-” is added to the number, as “duobla”, double; “dekoble”, ten times; “trioble kvar estas (or “faras”) dekdu”, three times four are twelve; “sepoble ok faras kvindek ses”, seven times eight make fifty-six.
To express “by twos, by tens”, etc., “-op-” is added to the number, as “duope”, by twos, or two together; “dekope”, by tens; “kvindekope”, by fifties, fifty together, or fifty at a time.
Tri estas duono de ses, ok estas kvar kvinonoj de dek. Kvar metroj da tiu cxi sxtofo kostas naux frankojn, tial du metroj kostas kvar kaj duonon frankojn (aux da frankoj). Unu tago estas tricent-sesdek-kvinono, aux tricent-sesdek-sesono de jaro.
Kvinoble sep estas tridek kvin. Por cxiu tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, sed por la hodiauxa tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon, t.e. (= tio estas) dek frankojn.
Tiuj cxi du amikoj promenas cxiam duope. Kvinope ili sin jxetis sur min, sed mi venkis cxiujn kvin atakantojn.
LESSON 10.
VERBS (continued), -i, -u.
In the examples already given the verbs ending in “-as”, “-is”, “-os” express “action” or “being” (“state”) going on in present, past, or future time, as “Mi skribas”, I am writing; “Li legis”, He read; “Ni iros”, We shall go.
If we wish merely to express the idea of action or state indefinitely, without reference to any time or any subject, the verb must end in “-i,” as “Vivi”, To live; “Mi deziras lerni”, I wish to learn; “Ni devas labori”, We must work.
(This is called the INDEFINITE or INFINITIVE Mood (manner of expression), because not limited by reference to time or subject).
To give an “order” or “command”, or to express “will, desire, purpose”, etc., the verb must end in “u”, as “Donu al mi panon”, Give (to) me bread; “Iru for”, Go away; “Estu felicxa”, May you be happy! “Vivu la regxo!” (Long) live the king!
In such cases as Tell “him to come”, I want “you to sing”, Allow “her to speak”, we have to use a second sentence with the verb ending in “u”, and beginning with “ke”, that, as “Diru al li, ke li venu”, Tell (say to) him, that he come; “Mi deziras, ke vi kantu”, I wish, that you sing; “Permesu al sxi, ke sxi parolu”, Allow her, that she speak. Sentences like the last are often contracted, only the last subject and verb being used, as “Sxi parolu”, Let her speak; “Gxi kusxu”, Let it lie; “Ni iru”, Let us go; “Ili dormu”, Let them sleep. “Cxu vi volas ke mi tion faru?” Do you wish me to do that? “Cxu mi tion faru?” Shall I do that?
VOCABULARY.
nomo : name. rajd- : ride.
vesto : coat, clothing. las- : let, leave.
kandelo : candle. kur- : run.
dometo : cottage. parol- : speak.
akvo : water. viv- : live, have life.
spegulo : looking-glass. rest- : rest, remain.
est- : be. honesta : honest.
tusx- : touch. inda : worthy.
auxskult- : listen. atenta : attentive.
pardon- : pardon. kara : dear.
uz- : use. gaja : gay, cheerful.
ordon- : order. tia : such.
babil- : chatter. longa : long.
send- : send. sincera : sincere.
trink- : drink. for : away, forth.
vol- : will, wish. forte : strongly.
bat- : beat. sole : alone.
kuragx- : have courage
Donu al la birdoj akvon, cxar ili volas trinki. Aleksandro ne volas lerni, kaj tial mi batas Aleksandron. Kiu kuragxas rajdi sur leono? Mi volis lin bati, sed li forkuris de mi.
Al leono ne donu la manon. Rakontu al mia juna amiko belan historion. Diru al la patro, ke mi estas diligenta. Diru al mi vian nomon. Ne skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn. Montru al mi vian novan veston. Infano, ne tusxu la spegulon. Karaj infanoj, estu cxiam honestaj. Ne auxskultu lin.
Li diras, ke mi estas atenta. Li petas, ke mi estu atenta. Ordonu al li, ke li ne babilu. Petu lin, ke li sendu al mi kandelon. La dometo estas inda, ke vi gxin acxetu. Sxi forte deziris, ke li restu viva.
Li venu, kaj mi pardonos al li. Ni estu gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, cxar la vivo ne estas longa. Li ne venu sole, sed alvenu kun sia plej bona amiko. Mi jam havas mian cxapelon; nun sercxu vi vian.
LESSON 11.
VERBS (continued), -us.
Sometimes we want to express a “supposition”, to say that something “would” take place, supposing that something else, which is not likely to occur, were to do so, or that something “would have” taken place if something else which did not occur had done so. In this case the verb must end with “-us”, as, If I were well (which I am not) I should be happy (which also I am not), “Se mi estus sana, mi estus felicxa”. If he knew (supposition) that I am here (a fact) he would immediately come to me (supposition), “Se li scius, ke mi estas tie cxi, li tuj venus al mi”. Compare the two following sentences:— (i.). “Kvankam vi estas ricxa, mi dubas, cxu vi estas felicxa”, Though you are (in fact) rich, I doubt whether you are (in fact) happy, (ii.). “Kvankam vi estus ricxa, mi dubas, cxu, vi estus felicxa”, Though (supposing that) you were rich, I doubt whether you would be happy.
VOCABULARY.
lernanto : pupil. pen- : endeavour.
leciono : lesson. imit- : imitate,
instruanto : teacher, kvazaux : as if.
sci- : know. io : something.
pun- : punish. efektive : really.
estim- : esteem. supren : upwards.
lev- : lift, raise. kvankam : though.
ten- : hold, keep. se : if.
Se la lernanto scius bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus. Se vi scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus. Ili levis unu manon supren, kvazaux ili ion tenus. Se mi efektive estus bela, aliaj penus min imiti. Ho! se mi jam havus la agxon de dekkvin jaroj!
LESSON 12.
When we tell of someone doing a certain action we often want to allude to some circumstance concerning that action, such as the time, or place, or manner in which it was done, that is, when, or where, or how it was done.
In the sentences—Yesterday I met your son, “Hieraux mi renkontis vian filon”; He will go in the evening, “Li iros vespere”; They sat there, “Ili sidis tie”; She will remain at home, “Sxi restos hejme”; Good children learn diligently, “Bonaj infanoj lernas diligente”; I will do it with pleasure, “Mi faros gxin plezure”, the words “hieraux, vespere”, show the time, “tie, hejme”, show the place, and “diligente, plezure”, show the manner of the action.
(Because these words relate to the verb they are called ADVERBS).
Adverbs may be formed from any word whose sense admits of it, and especially from adjectives, by means of the termination “e”, as “bona”, good, “bone”, well; “antaux” before, “antauxe”, previously or formerly; “mateno”, morning, “matene”, in the morning; “sekvi”, to follow, “sekve”, consequently.
When we want the adverb to show “direction towards” any place, time, etc., either actually or figuratively, “n” is added, as “Li alkuris hejmen”, He ran home. “Ili levis unu manon supren”, They raised one hand upwards. “Antauxen”! Forward! (“n” is also added to nouns to show direction towards. “Li eniris en la domon”, He entered into the house).
Some adverbs are used with adjectives and other adverbs to show the “degree” of the quality, quantity, etc., as The paper is “very” white, La papero estas “tre” blanka. “Too” much speaking tires him, La “tro” multa parolado lacigas lin. I am “as” strong “as” you, Mi estas “tiel” forta, “kiel” vi (estas forta). He came “very” early, Li venis “tre” frue.
The following words are in themselves adverbs, and need no special ending:—
VOCABULARY.
hodiaux : to-day. tre : very.
hieraux : yesterday. tro : too.
morgaux : to-morrow. tute : quite.
baldaux : soon. nur : only.
ankoraux : yet. nepre : surely, without fail.
jam :
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