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already. preskaux : nearly.

jxus : just (time). apenaux : scarcely.

nun : now. almenaux : at least.

tuj : immediately. ambaux : both.

denove : again, anew. ankaux : also.

cxi denotes proximity. ne : not.

jen : here, there, lo, behold. jes : yes.

for : away, forth. ja : indeed.

pli : more. ecx : even.

plej : most. cxu : whether, asks a question.

plu : further. ju … des : the more…the more.

Comparisons are made with—

“pli…ol”, more than: “Lakto estas pli nutra ol vino”, Milk is more nutritious than wine.

“malpli…ol”, less than: “Vino estas malpli nutra ol lakto”, Wine is less nutritious than milk.

“la plej”, the most, “la malplej”, the least: “El cxiuj liaj amikoj Johano estas la plej sagxa, kaj Georgo la malplej sagxa”, Of all his friends John is the wisest, and George the least wise.

“Ju pli…des pli”, the more…the more: “Ju pli li lernas, des pli li deziras lerni”, The more he learns, the more he wishes to learn.

“Ju malpli…des malpli”, the less…the less: “Ju malpli li laboras, des malpli li ricevas”, The less he works, the less he gets.

“Ju pli…des malpli”, the more…the less: “Ju pli li farigxas granda, des malpli li estas forta”, The taller he becomes, the less strong he is.

“Ju malpli…des pli”, the less…the more: “Ju malpli li pensas, des pli li parolas”, The less he thinks, the more he talks.

For comparisons of equality, as…as, so…as, see Lesson 20.

 

VOCABULARY.

 

pordo : door. sav- : save.

kontrakto : contract. dauxr- : last, continue.

pastro : pastor, priest. trancx- : cut.

fero : iron. ekrigard- : glance.

bastono : stick (rod). flu- : flow.

stacio : station. ag- : act (do).

stacidomo : station. logx- : live, lodge.

hejmo : home. brul- : burn (as a fire).

furio : fury. vetur- : ride (in a vehicle).

sxipano : sailor. aper- : appear.

kolero : anger. postul- : require, demand.

honesto : honesty. pendig- : hang (something)

dangxero : danger. mort- : die.

koro : heart. malsana : ill.

oficisto : an official. varma : warm.

regxo : king. varmega : hot.

balo : ball, dance. frua : early.

humoro : humour. plue : further.

tempo : time. returne : back.

sinjorino : lady, Mrs. cxar : because, whereas.

ferm- : shut.

Resti kun leono estas dangxere. La trancxilo trancxas bone, cxar gxi estas akra. Iru pli rapide. Li fermis kolere la pordon. Lia parolo fluas dolcxe kaj agrable. Ni faris la kontrakton ne skribe, sed parole. Honesta homo agas honeste. La pastro, kiu mortis antaux nelonge (antaux ne longa tempo), logxis longe en nia urbo. Cxu vi gxin ne ricevis returne? Li estas morte malsana. La fera bastono, kiu kusxis en la forno, estas brule varmega. Parizo estas tre gaja. Matene frue sxi alveturis [Footnote: See Lesson 27.] al la stacidomo.

Pardonu al mi, ke mi restis tiel longe. Lia kolero longe dauxris. Li estas hodiaux en kolera humoro. La regxo baldaux denove sendis alian bonkoran oficiston. Hodiaux vespere ni havos balon. Kie vi estas? For de tie-cxi!

Kien li forveturis? Sxi kuris hejmen. Ni iris antauxen, kiel furioj. Cxio estis bona, kaj ni veturis pluen. La sinjorino ekrigardis returnen. La sxipanoj postulis, ke oni iru returnen. Mi gxin pendigis tien cxi, cxar gxi savis mian vivon. Mi neniam sendis tien cxi.

 

LESSON 13.

 

Mal-, -in-.

In Esperanto certain syllables which have a definite meaning are placed at the beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of words to alter in some way the meaning of those words.

The prefix “mal-” gives an exactly opposite meaning to the word to which it is prefixed, as “dekstra”, right (hand); “maldekstra”, left (hand); “nova”, new; “malnova”, old; “helpi”, to help, “malhelpi”, to hinder; “fermi”, to shut, “malfermi”, to open.

The suffix “-in-” denotes the female sex. From “viro”, [Footnote: The word “homo” previously given (Lesson 2) signifies a human being, a person, without reference to sex; “viro” means a man as distinguished from a woman.] a man, we get “virino”, a woman; “filo”, son, “filino”, daughter; “cxevalo”, a horse, “cxevalino”, a mare; “koko”, a cock, “kokino”, a hen.

 

VOCABULARY.

 

kresko : growth. ferm- : shut.

haro : hair (substance). help- : help.

haroj : hair (of head). farigx- : become.

nazo : nose. dekstra : right (hand).

vojo : road. meza : middle, medium.

viro : man. dika : thick, stout.

edzo : husband, mola : soft.

nepo : grandson. luma : light (luminous).

nevo : nephew. nobla : noble (character).

bovo : ox. rekta : straight.

vidvo : widower, kurba : curved.

fiancxo : fiance. felicxa : happy.

nenio : nothing. naskita : born.

turment- : torment. fermita : shut.

sent- : feel. ecx : even.

ben- : bless. longe : for a long time.

estim- : have esteem for. denove : anew, again.

Mia frato ne estas granda, sed li ne estas malgranda, li estas de meza kresko. Haro estas tre maldika. La nokto estas tiel malluma, ke ni nenion povas vidi ecx antaux nia nazo. Tiu cxi malfresxa pano estas malmola, kiel sxtono. Malbonaj infanoj amas turmenti bestojn. Li sentis sin tiel malfelicxa, ke li malbenis la tagon, en kiu li estis naskita. Ni forte malestimas tiun cxi malnoblan homon. La fenestro longe estis nefermita; mi gxin fermis, sed mia frato tuj gxin denove malfermis. Rekta vojo estas pli mallonga, ol kurba. Ne estu maldanka.

La edzino de mia patro estas mia patrino, kaj la avino de miaj infanoj. Mia fratino estas tre bela knabino. Mia onklino estas tre bona virino. Mi vidis vian avinon kun sxiaj kvar nepinoj, kaj kun mia nevino. Mi havas bovon kaj bovinon. La juna vidvino farigxis denove fiancxino.

 

LESSON 14.

 

Re-, -ad-, ek-.

The prefixes “re-” and “ek-” and the suffix “-ad-” are attached to verbs.

“Re-” has nearly the same meaning as in English, “back” or “again”, as “re-pagi”, to pay back; “re-porti”, to carry back; “rejxeti”, to throw back; “re-salti”, to rebound; “re-kanti” to sing again; “re-legi”, to read over again.

“-ad-” denotes the continuance or continued repetition of an action; it means “goes on doing”, or “keeps on doing”, or “is in the habit of”, or in the past “used to”, as “spiri”, to breathe, “spirado”, respiration; “movi”, to move, “movado”, continued movement; “fumi”, to smoke, “fumado”, the habit of smoking; “auxdi”, to hear, “auxdado”, the sense of hearing.

“Ek-” has the opposite meaning to “-ad-“; it signifies the beginning of an action, or a short or sudden action, as “kanti”, to sing, “ekkanti”, to begin to sing; “ridi”, to laugh, “ekridi”, to burst out laughing; “krii”, to cry or call, “ekkrii”, to cry out; “iri”, to go, “ekiri”, to set out; “dormi”, to sleep, “ekdormi”, to fall asleep.

 

VOCABULARY.

 

rivero : river. fal- : fall.

lando : land. atend- : wait for, expect.

segxo : seat. lacig- : make tired.

dauxro : duration. frot- : rub.

okupo : occupation. rigard- : look.

pluvo : rain. elrigard- : look out of.

vagonaro : train. salt- : jump.

surprizo : surprise. rapida : quick.

diamanto : diamond. klara : clear.

fulmo : lightning. lerte : cleverly.

lumo : a light. energie : energetically.

paf- : shoot. kelke : some.

jxet- : throw. cxiuminute : every minute. [p. 84]

auxd- : hear. tra : through.

Li donis al mi monon, sed mi gxin tuj redonis al li. Mi foriras, sed atendu min, cxar mi baldaux revenos. La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo de la rivero. Li reiris al sia lando. Sxi rejxetis sin sur la segxon.

En la dauxro de kelke da minutoj mi auxdis du pafojn. La pafado dauxris tre longe. Lia hierauxa parolo estis tre bela, sed la tro multa parolado lacigas lin. Li kantas tre belan kanton. La kantado estas agrabla okupo. Per mia mano mi energie lin frotadis. La pluvo faladis per riveroj. Cxiuminute sxi elrigardadis tra la fenestro, kaj malbenadis la malrapidan iradon de la vagonaro.

Mi saltas tre lerte. Mi eksaltis de surprizo. Mi saltadis la tutan tagon [Footnote: See Lesson 26 (iii.)] de loko al loko. Kiam vi ekparolis, mi atendis auxdi ion novan. La diamanto havas belan brilon. Sxi lasis la diamanton ekbrili. Du ekbriloj do fulmo trakuris tra la malluma cxielo.

 

LESSON 15.

 

VERBS (continued).

In all the examples already given the Subject of the Sentence is the “doer” of the action, but often it is “the one to whom the action is done” who occupies our thoughts, and of whom we wish to speak. This one then becomes the subject, and the form of the Verb is changed. Instead of saying “The police are searching for the thief,” “Someone has broken the window,” “Someone is going to finish the work to-morrow,” we say “The thief is being sought for by the police,” “The window has been broken,” “The work is going to be finished to-morrow.”

(Note the convenience of this form when we do not know or do not wish to mention the doer).

 

In Esperanto the terminations “-ata”, “being”, denoting “incompleteness” or “present” time, “-ita”, “having been”, denoting “completeness” or “past” time, and “-ota”, “about to be” (going to be), denoting “action not yet begun”, or “future” time, are added to the root of the verb, as “ami”, to love, “amata”, being loved, “amita”, having been loved, “amota”, going to be loved. “La sxtelisto estas sercxata de la policanoj” [Footnote: “De” is used after these participles to denote the “doer” of the action.], The thief is being searched for by the police. “La fenestro estas rompita”, The window has been broken. “La laboro estas finota morgaux”, The work is going to be finished to-morrow.

It will be seen that these words ending in “-ata”, “-ita”, “-ota” describe the subject or show the “condition” or “state” in which the subject is, therefore they are adjectival; the thief is a “searched-for” thief, the window was a “broken” window, the work is a “going-to-be-finished” work (compare The work will be “ready” to-morrow). They are called PARTICIPLES, and being adjectival, take “j” when the noun to which they belong is plural.

 

Mi estas tenata …………. I am (being) held.

Li estis tenata …………. He was (being) held.

Ni estos tenataj ………… We shall be (being) held.

Vi estus tenataj ………… You would be (being) held.

Ke ili estu tenataj ……… That they may be (being) held.

Estu tenata …………….. Be (being) held.

Esti tenata …………….. To be (being) held.

 

Mi estas vidita …………. I am (in the state of) having

been seen, or, I have been

seen.

Li estis vidita …………. He was (in the state of) having

been seen, or, he had been

seen.

Ni estos viditaj ………… We shall be (in the state of)

having been seen, or, we

shall have been seen.

Vi estus viditaj ………… You would be (in the state of)

having been seen, or, you

would have been seen.

(Ke) ili estu viditaj ……. (That) they may be (in the

state of) having been seen,

or, that they may have been

seen.

Esti vidita …………….. To be (in the state of) having

been seen, or, to have been

seen.

 

Mi estas lauxdota ………. I am about (going) to be praised.

Sxi estis lauxdota ………. She was about (going) to be

praised.

Ni estos lauxdotaj ………. We shall be about (going) to

be praised.

Vi estus lauxdotaj ………. You would be about (going)

to be praised.

(Ke) ili estu lauxdotaj ….. (That) they should be about

(going) to be praised.

Esti lauxdota …………… To be about (going) to be

praised.

 

VOCABULARY.

 

komercajxo : commodity. sciig- : inform.

surtuto : overcoat. kasx- : hide.

sxuldo : debt. pens- : think.

ringo : ring. kapt- : capture.

projekto : project. trankvila : quiet.

ingxeniero : civil engineer. tuta : all, whole.

fervojo : railroad. grava : important.

pregxo : prayer. ora : golden.

pasero :

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